Choose a concurrency group name that identifies exactly the work GitHub Actions should coordinate. For branch-specific CI, a useful starting point is ci-${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}: it separates workflows and refs so newer runs can replace older work for the same workflow and branch without interfering with other workflows or branches.
Start by deciding what should share a group
A concurrency group is a key: runs or jobs with the same key compete for the same concurrency slot. Ask what resource or stream of work needs coordination, then include only the identity details needed to keep unrelated work apart.
- Same workflow and same branch: include both the workflow identity and the ref.
- Shared deployment target: use a stable key for the target, such as an environment name, when multiple workflows must serialize deployments to that resource.
- Independent workflows: include
github.workflowso matching refs in separate workflows do not unintentionally share a group.
GitHub documents ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }} as a pattern for limiting cancellation to runs of the same workflow on the same ref. See GitHub’s workflow syntax reference.
Build a group name that matches that scope
For branch-specific CI
concurrency:
group: ci-${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: trueThe literal prefix makes the key recognizable, github.workflow distinguishes workflows, and github.ref distinguishes branches or tags. With this identity and policy, a new run can cancel an in-progress run in the same workflow/ref group. Remove cancel-in-progress: true if running work should not be canceled.
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For a shared deployment lock
concurrency:
group: deploy-production
cancel-in-progress: falseThis deliberately omits workflow identity: workflows using the same key coordinate with one another in the repository. Use a target-specific value, such as an environment name, if deployments to different environments must proceed independently. The exact group value should reflect the resource that must not be worked on concurrently.
For pull requests and other events
Event properties are not always populated for every trigger. If a pull-request head ref may be absent on another event, use a fallback so unrelated runs do not collapse onto an empty or shared value:
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concurrency:
group: ci-${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}GitHub documents github.head_ref || github.run_id as a fallback pattern in its workflow syntax reference.
Choose the execution policy separately
The group name decides which runs or jobs belong together. The concurrency policy decides what happens when that group is already occupied. GitHub allows concurrency configuration at workflow or job scope; group expressions can use the github, inputs, and vars contexts.
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| Policy | Behavior | Use it when |
|---|---|---|
Default (queue: single) |
One item runs and at most one waits. A newer pending item replaces the existing pending item. | Only the newest waiting CI or deployment work matters. |
cancel-in-progress: true |
A new item also cancels the running item in the same group. | Older work should stop as soon as newer work arrives, such as superseded branch CI. |
queue: max |
Up to 100 pending jobs or workflow runs can wait. | Each waiting item must be retained rather than replaced by a newer pending item. |
queue: max cannot be combined with cancel-in-progress: true; GitHub says that combination causes workflow validation to fail. For queue: max, FIFO order reflects when a run or job started waiting, not dispatch order, so strict trigger-order execution is not guaranteed. See GitHub’s workflow syntax reference.
Check names for collisions and unintended sharing
Group matching is case-insensitive: prod and Prod are the same group. Do not rely on capitalization to separate workflows, branches, or targets.
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- List two example runs that should coordinate, then confirm they produce the same exact key.
- List two runs that must remain independent, then verify their keys differ.
- Check every event that can trigger the workflow for missing context values and add a fallback where needed.
- Confirm the pending-work policy matches the value of keeping older queued work, and decide independently whether running work may be canceled.
A practical test is: if two runs produce this exact group value, should one wait for, replace, or cancel the other? If not, add another identity dimension such as workflow, ref, or deployment target.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Inspect active groups when troubleshooting
GitHub provides REST API endpoints for listing active concurrency groups in a repository. The endpoint can be used without authentication for public resources; access to a private repository requires appropriate Actions read permission. Inspecting actual active group names can help identify an unexpected collision or confirm which runs are coordinating. See GitHub’s REST API documentation for Actions concurrency groups.
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