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1. Reproduce one slow interaction
Pick a specific action—such as changing a filter, typing into a field, opening a view, or dragging an object—and repeat it consistently. Note which update feels delayed and whether the same delay recurs. One frustrating moment does not establish that the whole application is slow.
Keep the test conditions as similar as possible between runs: use the same data, action, and view. This gives you a useful before-and-after comparison when you change the code.
2. Profile before editing
Open React Developer Tools and use its Profiler panel to record the interaction. The React Developer Tools guide describes the Components and Profiler panels for inspecting components and identifying performance problems. Look for the update associated with your action and which components rendered; a render alone does not prove that React caused the delay.
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For broader context, React Performance tracks can place React-specific timeline entries in the browser Performance panel alongside network requests, JavaScript execution, and event-loop activity. Availability depends on the React version and build setup: the React Performance tracks reference documents development and profiling-build support, setup constraints for profiling builds, and additional conditions for the Components track, including <Profiler> and DevTools. Check that reference against your project rather than assuming every build exposes the same tracks.
Use the timeline to distinguish candidate causes, then investigate the work the trace actually shows:
- React rendering: identify which components render during the interaction and whether the cost is material.
- JavaScript during render: look for calculations or transformations taking time inside component rendering.
- Repeated updates: inspect whether Effects set state and trigger further renders.
- Work outside React: consider browser layout and paint, network requests, and other activity visible in the browser timeline.
Profiling helps narrow the cause; it does not prove one until the trace supports it.
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3. Fix repeated work and state design first
Keep transient state close to where it is used
If a form value, hover state, or other transient value is stored high in the component tree, updating it may cause more of the tree to render than necessary. React recommends preferring local state and avoiding lifting transient values too far upward. Start by moving the state to the component that needs it, where that fits the design.
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Rendering the same inputs should produce the same result without side effects. If another render creates a visual artifact or breaks correctness, repair that bug rather than hiding it with memoization. React’s useMemo guidance treats purity as a prerequisite, not a performance tweak.
Remove unnecessary Effect-driven updates
Review Effects that set state. An Effect that updates state can cause another render, and chains of such updates can repeat work. If an Effect exists only to derive a value from other state or props, reconsider whether the value can be calculated during rendering instead. React’s useCallback guidance also recommends simplifying dependencies where possible—for example, moving an object or function into the Effect or outside the component rather than memoizing it solely to keep an Effect from re-running.
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Avoid re-rendering children because a wrapper updates
If a wrapper updates its own state while visually containing other components, passing those components as JSX children can let React avoid re-rendering the children for the wrapper’s own state change. This is a component-structure option, not a universal rule; use the Profiler to confirm whether the boundary matters in your case. React discusses local state and this composition approach in its performance guidance.
4. Decide whether a calculation is actually expensive
React notes that most calculations are fast. Consider useMemo when a calculation is noticeably slow, its dependencies rarely change, and profiling connects that repeated work to the interaction. It can also help when a computed value is passed to a component wrapped in memo, or when that value is needed as another Hook’s dependency.
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Test the change in a production build on a device representative of your users. Development timings may not represent production performance: Strict Mode can invoke rendering work more than once in development. React’s useMemo reference also suggests artificial CPU slowdown when appropriate so you can assess how work affects a slower device.
5. Choose the smallest useful memoization boundary
| Tool or change | What it addresses | When it fits |
|---|---|---|
| State or component restructuring | Updates that affect too much of the tree, or repeated work caused by an Effect or rendering design | The trace and code point to broad updates, unnecessary Effects, or a component boundary that can be improved |
useMemo |
Repeated calculation of a value | A measured calculation is noticeably slow, or stable value identity matters to an optimized child or Hook dependency |
useCallback |
Repeated creation of a function definition when its identity matters | A function is passed to a component wrapped in memo or used as a Hook dependency; not merely because creating a function looks expensive |
memo |
Re-rendering a component when its props have not meaningfully changed | A measured child render is material and its props remain stable enough for the boundary to help |
Use useCallback to cache a function definition when stable identity matters; it does not make the function’s execution faster. Both useMemo and useCallback need complete dependency lists. A newly created object or function passed as a prop can defeat a memoization boundary, so inspect the identity and flow of values rather than adding hooks broadly. React explains these distinctions in its useCallback reference.
Memoization is an optimization, not a correctness requirement. If removing a memoized value makes the code incorrect, find the underlying logic problem. Indiscriminate memoization also adds code to understand and maintain, and one always-new prop can prevent an optimized child from benefiting. React makes this point directly in its useMemo reference.
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6. Check whether React Compiler changes the decision
React Compiler can automatically optimize eligible code at build time, including memoizing values and components based on its analysis and heuristics. React’s React Compiler v1.0 announcement, dated 2025-10-07, and its compiler introduction recommend relying on the compiler for new code where appropriate, while retaining manual hooks when precise control is needed.
Do not assume the compiler is active just because a project uses React. Verify compiler installation, React compatibility, build-tool integration, and whether the compiler is enabled in that project before changing your approach. Existing manual memoization should remain unless you have a reason and can test carefully: removing it can change the compiler’s output.
7. Validate the fix under comparable conditions
- Record a baseline: profile the reproducible interaction and note the relevant component updates or timeline work.
- Make one focused change: correct the state scope, remove an unnecessary update, or add memoization at the measured boundary.
- Repeat the same interaction: use the same data and view so the new trace can be compared with the baseline.
- Test production behavior: use a production build and representative hardware; apply CPU slowdown if it helps model the devices you need to support.
- Keep only demonstrated improvements: if the trace does not improve or correctness changes, revisit the cause instead of expanding memoization across the app.
React’s guidance captures the order of operations: “You should only rely on useMemo as a performance optimization. If your code doesn’t work without it, find the underlying problem and fix it first. Then you may add useMemo to improve performance.”
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