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Serialize the work that shares a resource
GitHub Actions permits concurrent runs by default. A concurrency group limits matching work to one active member at a time. Use workflow-level concurrency when any overlap between runs could cause duplicate side effects. Use job-level concurrency when only one job needs exclusive access and other jobs can continue independently. See GitHub’s concurrency documentation.
Serialize an entire workflow
Add concurrency beside the workflow’s triggers. This example permits one active run per workflow and branch, while allowing the active run to finish when another scheduled run arrives:
on:
schedule:
- cron: '17 * * * *'
concurrency:
group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: false
jobs:
scheduled-task:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- run: ./run-task.shThe group expression scopes coordination to this workflow and ref. The cron minute is offset from the top of the hour to avoid the time when GitHub documents a schedule-load hotspot; it lowers the chance of delay but cannot guarantee punctual delivery.
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Serialize only a critical job
If only one job touches the shared resource, move concurrency under that job instead. The rest of the workflow can proceed without waiting for that group:
jobs:
scheduled-task:
concurrency:
group: shared-resource-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: false
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- run: ./run-task.shChoose a group key for the resource and scope
A group name is a coordination key, not merely a label. Use the same stable key when different workflows or branches must protect one external resource. Include workflow and ref identity when those runs should remain independent. GitHub treats group names as case-insensitive, and workflows that reuse a group can affect one another’s pending or active work.
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- Same workflow, same branch:
${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}keeps other workflows and refs separate. - One shared external resource: use a deliberately shared key across every workflow that accesses that resource, adding a ref only if each ref truly has an independent resource.
- Independent workflows or resources: include identifying context in the group so an accidental name collision does not cancel or replace unrelated work.
Because group matching is case-insensitive, names that differ only by capitalization are not separate groups.
Decide whether newer runs replace, cancel, or queue
Concurrency has two separate choices: what happens to the active run and what happens to waiting work. The right policy depends on whether intermediate scheduled work is expendable and whether interrupting the current operation is safe.
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| Configuration | Active run | Waiting work | Use when |
|---|---|---|---|
| Default behavior | Continues | At most one run is pending; a newer run replaces the existing pending run. | Only the latest not-yet-started execution matters. |
cancel-in-progress: true |
Can be cancelled when newer work arrives | The newer run can proceed after cancellation. | Older work is obsolete and safe to interrupt. |
queue: max |
Continues | Retains up to 100 waiting jobs or workflow runs per group. | Each run must wait rather than replace an older pending run. |
To keep all waiting executions instead of replacing a pending one, configure queue: max in the concurrency block. GitHub documents a limit of 100 waiting jobs or workflow runs per group. It cannot be combined with cancel-in-progress: true. Queue order follows when work began waiting, and actual start times may vary, so this setting does not promise dispatch-time start order. Refer to GitHub’s concurrency documentation for the supported syntax and behavior.
Understand what concurrency does not guarantee
Concurrency controls overlap among matching runs or jobs that reach the group; it does not guarantee that every cron occurrence is delivered, starts on time, or runs exactly once. GitHub says the schedule event can be delayed during high load, especially at the beginning of an hour, and queued jobs can be dropped if load is high enough. Moving a cron expression to another minute may reduce exposure to the documented hotspot, but it is not a delivery guarantee. See GitHub’s schedule event documentation.
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Scheduling behavior can also explain runs that appear missing or use an unexpected revision:
- Scheduled workflows run from the latest commit on the repository’s default branch, and the workflow file must exist on that branch.
- Schedules use UTC unless you configure an IANA timezone.
- The shortest supported schedule interval is once every five minutes.
- In public repositories, scheduled workflows are automatically disabled after 60 days without repository activity.
These are scheduling rules, separate from concurrency. Check the default branch, timezone, cron interval, and repository activity when a run is late or absent. Details are in GitHub’s schedule event documentation.
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Pick the policy that matches the job
- For a task that updates shared state and must not overlap, use a workflow- or job-level group keyed to that state, with
cancel-in-progress: falseif the active operation should finish. - For a refresh where only the newest result matters, the default pending-run replacement may be appropriate; use active-run cancellation only if stopping in-progress work is safe.
- For work that must not be discarded while waiting, use
queue: maxand account for the 100-item group limit and variable start times. - If missing a cron occurrence is unacceptable, do not treat concurrency as a retry or exactly-once mechanism; the schedule event itself can be delayed or dropped under high load.
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