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First decide what a presence message must guarantee
Presence is not always the same kind of workload. A periodic “player is here” refresh is often superseded by the next refresh. A transition such as joining a room may matter to downstream processing even if a consumer disconnects briefly. A purchase, match result, or entitlement change generally has a different durability and audit profile from either.
Separate ephemeral presence updates from events that must not be lost. A broker transports notifications; it does not automatically define the authoritative current presence view. Decide where that state lives, how it expires, and how a reconnecting server or client will rebuild or reconcile its view.
Compare the message-delivery patterns
| Pattern | Documented behavior | Potential presence fit | Main limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Redis Pub/Sub | Broadcasts to currently connected subscribers with at-most-once delivery; it keeps no history for offline subscribers. Redis lists presence signaling and WebSocket fan-out as use cases: Redis Pub/Sub documentation. | Live, replaceable updates sent to interested gateways or services. | A subscriber that disconnects can miss messages; recover current state separately. |
| Redis Streams | Retained ordered events, consumer groups, acknowledgments, and replay are documented capabilities: Redis Streams documentation. | Presence transitions or downstream work that needs recovery or history. | Retention and durable processing require configuration and storage. |
| Core NATS | Subject-based delivery to connected subscribers, without storage or replay for offline subscribers: Core NATS documentation. | Transient service messaging when the application tolerates loss or provides recovery. | Missed messages are gone; durability requires JetStream or application-level recovery. |
| NATS JetStream | Persistent streams, replay, consumers, acknowledgments, and redelivery are documented; pull consumers can control consumption: JetStream documentation and consumer documentation. | Events that need recovery, replay, or processing by workers at their own pace. | Compared with transient Core NATS, persistence adds storage, compute, and configuration costs. |
These are capability comparisons, not a performance ranking. The cited documentation and architecture material do not provide a controlled, like-for-like multiplayer-presence benchmark for latency, throughput, fan-out, or cost.
The Tool Desk
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Choose based on recovery, ordering, and fan-out
Can a missed update be replaced?
If a later refresh or authoritative snapshot gives consumers the current state, transient Pub/Sub may suit the notification path. Redis documents Pub/Sub as at-most-once: an offline subscriber misses an event. Core NATS likewise does not store messages for offline subscribers. Neither should be treated as a durable event history.
Must a consumer resume after downtime?
Use a retained stream when an offline consumer must catch up, when a handler must acknowledge work, or when replay is needed. Redis Streams and JetStream document retention and recovery-related capabilities. Set retention deliberately: enough for the recovery or history requirement, without keeping data longer than needed.
Rank #2
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Does every gateway need the update?
Broadcast is appropriate when every interested gateway needs a live notification. A worker group is different: it distributes work so consumers can process independently rather than broadcasting each task to every worker. Confirm that the broker’s subscription or consumer model matches the intended fan-out.
What must be ordered?
Write down the ordering boundary—per player, room, shard, or entire stream—before selecting a topology. Do not assume a system-wide ordering guarantee from the product name alone. Verify the exact ordering scope for the selected product, configuration, and deployment.
Rank #3
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Keep canonical presence outside transient notifications
A robust design treats notifications as a way to tell interested nodes that state may have changed, not as the only copy of current state. Keep or derive an authoritative presence view with expiration rules, and define how a reconnecting node reconciles against it. This recommendation follows from the documented behavior that transient subscribers can miss messages; it is an application design responsibility, not a guarantee provided by Pub/Sub.
- Use stable player, room, and shard routing keys to make fan-out and ordering boundaries explicit.
- Make handlers idempotent where retries or duplicate delivery are possible.
- For retained consumers, specify retention, acknowledgment timeout, retry, duplicate handling, and backlog limits.
- Test reconnect storms and node failures as well as steady-state traffic; recovery behavior is part of the design.
Account for backpressure and operational cost
Retained processing gives consumers more control: Redis Streams consumer groups and JetStream consumers document acknowledgment-related controls, and JetStream pull consumers let consumers request work at their pace. That flexibility comes with operational work: persistence, storage, replication, retention, monitoring, and recovery policies must be configured and maintained. NATS describes JetStream as the higher compute- and storage-cost option relative to Core NATS: NATS JetStream documentation.
Rank #4
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At-least-once delivery is not the same as exactly-once application effects. A retained broker may redeliver unacknowledged messages, so handlers should safely tolerate retries rather than assuming each business effect runs exactly once.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Validate the choice with your actual topology
No cited source establishes a universal concurrent-user threshold or latency target for these options. Benchmark the deployment you intend to run, using representative connection counts and message patterns rather than extrapolating from product descriptions.
Best Value
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- Measure expected publish rate, room size, number of regions, and gateway fan-out.
- Include consumer restarts, broker failures, backlog growth, and reconnect bursts.
- Check the selected product version, deployment mode, persistence settings, and regional availability.
- Compare the operational burden of running and monitoring recovery against the cost of reconstructing state from an authoritative source.
AWS also publishes a multiplayer-game reference architecture using Redis Pub/Sub with WebSockets and presence services: AWS multiplayer game server hosting architecture. It is an example architecture, not a neutral comparative benchmark.
Quick Recap
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