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The Page Object Model (POM) keeps Selenium tests readable by giving each page or reusable UI component a Java class that owns its locators and exposes useful actions or information. Pass the class a WebDriver, keep page details private, and let the test assert whether the observed result matches the scenario. You can use direct By locators; Selenium’s PageFactory is optional.
What the Page Object Model does
A page object represents a page, or a distinct reusable part of one, in test code. It centralizes knowledge of that part of the interface: its locators and the operations a user can perform there. If a page’s markup changes, the page-specific locator can usually be repaired in its object rather than in every test that interacts with it.
Tests use public methods such as loginAs or messageText instead of finding elements themselves. That gives a test a vocabulary closer to the user journey and keeps Selenium mechanics out of scenario code.
Build a simple page object with Java and Selenium
This example uses private By locators and receives the existing WebDriver through its constructor. The selector names and expected page title are examples: replace them with values from your application.
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import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
public class SignInPage {
private final WebDriver driver;
private final By username = By.name("user_name");
private final By password = By.name("password");
private final By signIn = By.name("sign_in");
public SignInPage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
if (!"Sign In Page".equals(driver.getTitle())) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Expected the sign-in page, got: "
+ driver.getCurrentUrl());
}
}
public HomePage loginAs(String userName, String passwordText) {
driver.findElement(username).sendKeys(userName);
driver.findElement(password).sendKeys(passwordText);
driver.findElement(signIn).click();
return new HomePage(driver);
}
}
public class HomePage {
private final WebDriver driver;
private final By message = By.tagName("h1");
public HomePage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
}
public String messageText() {
return driver.findElement(message).getText();
}
}In a real Java project, put each public class in its own correspondingly named .java file. The code assumes the caller has already created and navigated the driver to the sign-in page; it does not establish a browser, test framework, or application fixture.
Use the page objects from a test
SignInPage signInPage = new SignInPage(driver);
HomePage homePage = signInPage.loginAs("userName", "password");
assertEquals("Hello userName", homePage.messageText());The page method performs the interaction and returns the object for the resulting page. The test owns the behavioral assertion. The exact assertion import and setup depend on the test framework, which this example does not prescribe.
Design page objects around responsibilities
- Start with the screens or sections the test uses. Represent their useful services, not the entire application in one class.
- Put page-specific selectors in the object. Keep them private so tests do not depend on page structure.
- Expose user-level operations and observations. Methods such as
loginAs,openProfile, andmessageTextcommunicate intent without exposing raw element-finding steps. - Return the next page object for a transition. A method that navigates can return the object representing the destination, making the expected flow visible in the method signature.
- Keep scenario checks in the test. Page methods can return text, lists, booleans, or another page object; the test decides whether those results meet its expectations.
- Extract components when repetition warrants it. A shared navigation bar, inventory card, or other discrete repeated area can have a component object. A page can compose component objects, and components can be nested.
Keep assertions in tests, with a narrow page-readiness exception
Selenium’s page-object guidance says page objects should not make scenario verifications or assertions. A limited exception is checking during construction that the object corresponds to the expected page or that a critical element has loaded. That protects against using a page object on the wrong screen; it should not encode the scenario’s expected outcome.
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“Page objects themselves should never make verifications or assertions.” — Selenium project documentation, “Page object models.”
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For example, the SignInPage constructor checks the page title, while the test checks the post-login message. Avoid putting an assertion such as “the user must have administrator access” inside a general page method.
Direct By locators or PageFactory?
Page Object Model is a design pattern. org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory is a Java helper for initializing fields in a page object; using it is not required for POM. Selenium’s own model example uses direct By locators.
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| Decision | Direct By fields |
PageFactory fields |
|---|---|---|
| How a locator is declared | Declare a locator such as By.name("user_name"), then pass it to findElement. |
Decorate fields; by default a field name can correspond to an element’s HTML id or name. Use annotations such as @FindBy for other lookup rules. |
| Lookup behavior | The page method explicitly calls WebDriver’s lookup when it needs the element. | The API describes lazy proxies that locate an element when a method is called on the field, unless caching behavior is changed with @CacheLookup. |
| When it fits | Useful when the lookup is clearer as an explicit operation in the page method. | Useful when the team prefers decorated fields and the documented proxy behavior suits its code. |
These are differences in declaration and lookup mechanics, not evidence that one style is universally faster or more reliable.
Minimal PageFactory example
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;
public class SignInPageWithFactory {
private final WebDriver driver;
@FindBy(name = "user_name")
private WebElement username;
@FindBy(name = "password")
private WebElement password;
@FindBy(name = "sign_in")
private WebElement signIn;
public SignInPageWithFactory(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}
public void enterCredentials(String userName, String passwordText) {
username.sendKeys(userName);
password.sendKeys(passwordText);
signIn.click();
}
}PageFactory’s documented default is to look up proxied fields when their methods are called. @CacheLookup changes that behavior; it does not make a changing element stable. Avoid caching dynamic elements without a specific reason.
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Represent outcomes and reusable UI clearly
Not every action leads to a different page. A rejected login, for example, may leave the user on the sign-in page. Model that outcome with an operation and an observation that make sense for the page, then let the test assert the expected error text. Likewise, factor repeated page regions into components when doing so reduces selector duplication and keeps responsibilities understandable.
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Page objects should expose the page’s services rather than the underlying driver as a general-purpose escape hatch. If tests routinely reach through a page object to use its driver or raw locators, the object may not be providing a useful interface.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Common implementation problems
- Selectors appear in tests and page classes. Move page-specific selectors into the relevant page or component object so a UI change has one natural repair point.
- Page methods contain scenario assertions. Return observations or destination objects and make the test responsible for deciding whether the scenario passed.
- One class represents an entire complex screen. Split out repeated, discrete sections when that improves reuse and clarity.
- Every page exposes WebDriver. Prefer page-level operations; broad driver access weakens encapsulation.
- PageFactory is treated as mandatory. It is optional; direct
Bylocators are a supported POM approach. - A tutorial’s old dependency versions are copied without checking. The Selenium material cited here does not establish a current dependency version or Java minimum. Consult Selenium’s official installation and getting-started documentation before choosing build settings.
Setup and version considerations
Selenium describes WebDriver as its browser-driving interface, and its project overview says Selenium Manager handles browser and driver management by default in Selenium bindings. The Page Object design itself does not depend on a particular browser driver or test framework. The official documentation site reported a modification date of September 16, 2026; that date is not a Selenium release number.
This guide therefore does not prescribe a Selenium version, Java minimum, Maven coordinate, JUnit or TestNG choice, browser compatibility matrix, or timing strategy. Those details are version- and project-dependent; verify them against the current Selenium documentation and your application’s test environment.
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Can I use the Page Object Model without PageFactory?
Yes. Direct private `By` locators in page classes are a valid approach and appear in Selenium’s official Page Object example.
Should each test have its own page object?
No. Page objects represent pages or reusable components, not individual tests; multiple tests can use the same page services.
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