The Tool Desk
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Why migrate from Protractor?
The Protractor project deprecated the tool and said it would reach end-of-life in August 2023; that date has passed. Separately, Cypress notes that Protractor stopped being included in new Angular projects as of Angular 12. The Angular default changed earlier than Protractor’s end-of-life, so these are related but distinct milestones. Protractor project website · Cypress migration guide
This guide uses Cypress’s documented Angular setup and command patterns. Exact steps can vary with your Angular workspace, project configuration, custom test helpers, installed browsers, and CI environment; check the compatibility documentation for the versions you actually use before changing version-specific configuration.
1. Inventory your existing suite before changing it
Build a map of what the Protractor tests protect before you port anything. This is a practical planning step, not an automated conversion: the Cypress guide does not describe a tool that translates a whole suite for you.
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- List the user journeys covered, such as sign-in, checkout, or account changes, and note which are most valuable or fragile.
- Find shared page objects, helper functions, custom locators, and assertions. Record what each is intended to verify, not just its selector.
- Mark calls to
waitForAngular(), fixed delays, browser setup, and any behavior that depends on Angular-specific synchronization. - Record how the app is served locally and in CI, which browsers are used, and where the existing CI jobs invoke Protractor.
2. Add Cypress to the Angular workspace
Recommended: use the Angular schematic
Cypress recommends adding its Angular schematic from the workspace root:
ng add @cypress/schematicThe schematic can install Cypress, scaffold Cypress files and directories, add open and run scripts, and optionally prompt to remove Protractor or redirect Angular CLI’s default ng e2e target to Cypress. Review the prompts and resulting workspace configuration rather than assuming the old runner has been removed or the command has been redirected.
Alternative: install and configure manually
You can install Cypress with a package manager and configure it yourself. In that setup, a separate process must serve the Angular application while Cypress runs against it. Cypress’s guide illustrates using concurrently to start the development server and Cypress together; that helper is optional, not a Cypress requirement. Make sure the server command, target URL, and Cypress configuration match your workspace.
Rank #2
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3. Translate test behavior, not just syntax
Cypress uses chained queries and interactions rather than Protractor’s WebDriver-style element operations. These common patterns from the migration guide are useful starting points:
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| Protractor pattern | Cypress pattern |
|---|---|
element(by.css('#email-field')) |
cy.get('#email-field') |
.sendKeys('text') |
.type('text') |
| Click a checkbox | .check() |
| Uncheck a checkbox | .uncheck() |
| Select an option | .select('value') |
| Move an element into view | .scrollIntoView() |
| Find text within a selector | A Cypress query such as .contains(...) |
For example, a basic interaction changes from:
// Protractor
element(by.css('input')).sendKeys('my text')
element.all(by.css('[type="checkbox"]')).first().click()to:
// Cypress
cy.get('input').type('my text')
cy.get('[type="checkbox"]').first().check()These are common translations, not guaranteed one-to-one replacements for every locator, helper, or assertion. Review custom locators for the element they should identify, and add an assertion for the resulting application state. Cypress also points to Testing Library commands as an option for selecting elements. Cypress migration guide
4. Replace arbitrary waits with observable conditions
Protractor suites may use waitForAngular() or fixed timeouts to give the page time to settle. Cypress automatically retries DOM queries and waits for an element to become actionable, subject to its configured defaultCommandTimeout. Prefer a query and assertion that express the state the test needs, such as a confirmation message being visible, over a delay whose duration merely guesses when that state will occur.
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Do not replace every old wait with cy.wait(number). First determine what the delay was intended to wait for, then express that condition with a retryable query or a specific assertion where possible. Cypress’s retry behavior does not mean every asynchronous effect or external dependency is automatically handled; tests still need to verify the application outcome they depend on. Cypress migration guide
5. Keep both test suites during the transition
You do not have to replace all tests immediately. Cypress documents keeping Protractor tests in Angular CLI’s existing e2e directory and adding Cypress specs in a sibling cypress folder. This lets teams migrate incrementally instead of making a runner replacement a prerequisite for unrelated feature work. Cypress migration guide
- Choose a stable, valuable user journey and port its test to Cypress.
- Run that test locally and in CI; investigate differences in selectors, setup, and failure behavior.
- Compare what the new test actually covers with the Protractor version, including assertions and edge cases.
- Repeat with another journey. Retire corresponding Protractor coverage only when the Cypress test is reliable in your team’s environment.
6. Run Cypress locally and in CI
Angular schematic commands
With the schematic, Cypress documents these Angular CLI commands:
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ng e2e— run the configured end-to-end target if the schematic has set it to Cypress.ng run {project}:cypress-open— open Cypress for the named Angular project.ng run {project}:cypress-run— run Cypress for the named Angular project.
Replace {project} with the project name in your workspace. The schematic also supports browser selection with --browser or a configured default browser. Confirm the target name and browser availability in the actual workspace before copying a command into CI. Cypress migration guide
Manual setup
If you installed Cypress manually, use the scripts and server orchestration you configured for your app. Cypress’s guide shows example cy:open and cy:run scripts that start the app and Cypress together. Their exact commands depend on the project’s serve target and configuration; concurrently is an example helper, not a required dependency.
Optional CI recording and parallelization
For teams that need recorded CI runs or parallel execution, Cypress documents running with --record --parallel, as well as schematic options for parallel, record, and a recording key. Its guide describes Cypress Cloud for recorded runs and Test Replay as a debugging capability for recorded runs. These options require service configuration and are not necessary for every migration; decide based on your CI scaling and debugging needs. Cypress migration guide
Best Value
- 5-in-1 Connectivity: Equipped with a 4K HDMI port, a 5 Gbps USB-C data port, two 5 Gbps USB-A ports, and a USB C 100W PD-IN port. Note: The USB C 100W PD-IN port supports only charging and does not support data transfer devices such as headphones or speakers.
- Powerful Pass-Through Charging: Supports up to 85W pass-through charging so you can power up your laptop while you use the hub. Note: Pass-through charging requires a charger (not included). Note: To achieve full power for iPad, we recommend using a 45W wall charger.
- Transfer Files in Seconds: Move files to and from your laptop at speeds of up to 5 Gbps via the USB-C and USB-A data ports. Note: The USB C 5Gbps Data port does not support video output.
- HD Display: Connect to the HDMI port to stream or mirror content to an external monitor in resolutions of up to 4K@30Hz. Note: The USB-C ports do not support video output.
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Common migration problems and fixes
- The Angular CLI still runs Protractor. Check whether the schematic redirected the default
ng e2etarget. If you chose manual setup or kept the existing target, use the Cypress-specific target or your configured script instead. - Cypress opens, but the app is unavailable. In manual setup, ensure a separate process serves the app, and confirm the Cypress base URL points to that server. If you use a combined script, check that the server startup and Cypress commands are both configured to run.
- A migrated query finds no element. Verify the selector against the rendered page and check whether the old custom locator encoded additional behavior. A syntactic conversion alone may not preserve its meaning.
- An interaction fails because an element is not actionable. Check that the element is present and in the expected state. Use Cypress’s retryable query and action model, and scroll into view when that is part of the intended interaction; do not mask the problem with a longer arbitrary sleep.
- A test is flaky after removing an explicit wait. Identify the specific state the wait represented and assert that state. Retryable queries help with DOM changes, but they do not make unrelated asynchronous work or external services complete automatically.
- A browser-specific CI run fails to start. Confirm the chosen browser is installed and available to the CI job, then check the browser selection passed with
--browseror the configured default. - Recorded or parallel CI runs do not start. Verify that recording and parallelization were deliberately configured, including the required recording key and service setup, rather than enabling the flags alone.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can Protractor and Cypress coexist in the same Angular app?
Yes. Cypress documents keeping Protractor tests in the existing e2e directory and placing Cypress specs in a sibling cypress folder while the migration proceeds.
Do I have to replace all of my tests with Cypress immediately?
No. Migrate a representative user journey first, then expand Cypress coverage as the new tests prove reliable in your environment.
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The migration guide documents setup and command mappings, not an automatic whole-suite converter. Port test intent and review custom helpers and assertions.
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