Cypress end-to-end (E2E) tests run a real browser through an application workflow, helping you verify that the front end, back end, and integrations work together. A practical starting point is to install Cypress as a development dependency, start your app in a stable test environment, and write independent tests that set up state, take an action, and assert a meaningful result.
What Cypress E2E tests verify
Cypress describes E2E testing as exercising an application from the browser through the back end, including integrations with third-party services. A test can visit a page, interact with controls as a user would, and check what the application displays or persists. This makes E2E tests useful for critical user journeys, cross-layer integration checks, and smoke tests before deployment.
The breadth of an E2E test is also its cost: a complete workflow can depend on application services, data, and test infrastructure, and it can take more work to maintain than a focused test. Cypress recommends starting the application server for local development and cautions against starting it from within test scripts. A stable, known test environment makes failures easier to interpret.
Install Cypress and open the test runner
Cypress’s installation guide documents adding Cypress as a development dependency. Choose the command for your package manager, run it from the project root, then open Cypress there. The first-run app offers a choice between E2E and component testing.
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- npm:
npm install --save-dev cypress - Yarn:
yarn add --dev cypress - pnpm:
pnpm add --save-dev cypress - Bun:
bun add --dev cypress
Then launch the app with npx cypress open. If you use a different package manager, use its corresponding Cypress command. Requirements for Node.js and supported operating systems can change, so check Cypress’s current installation guide rather than relying on a version list that may go stale.
Write a focused test: state, action, outcome
A useful pattern is to establish the needed application state, perform an action, and assert the resulting state. Cypress’s first-test workflow expresses this as visiting a page, querying an element, interacting with it, and asserting what changed. The assertion should represent an outcome a user or system cares about, rather than merely confirming that a command executed.
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For example, the following E2E spec visits a locally running app, checks the URL, submits text in a search field, and verifies the resulting value. Replace the URL and selectors with ones from your app:
describe('search', () => {
it('accepts a query', () => {
cy.visit('http://localhost:3000');
cy.location('pathname').should('eq', '/');
cy.get('[data-testid="search-input"]')
.type('cypress testing')
.should('have.value', 'cypress testing');
});
});This example checks that the page is reachable and that the input accepts the entered value. A complete workflow should also assert the actual result that matters—for example, that submitting the query shows the expected results or an appropriate empty state. Cypress’s first end-to-end test guide walks through the basic visit, query, interaction, and assertion sequence.
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Where specs and shared setup live
Cypress uses familiar Mocha-style describe and it structures, with Chai assertions. By default, E2E specs live in cypress/e2e. Support files load before specs and can hold shared setup or custom commands. These are defaults, not immutable paths: Cypress configuration can change them. See Cypress’s test organization guide when structuring a project.
Keep tests independent and investigate flakiness
Each test should be runnable on its own and should not depend on data or browser state left by a prior test. Cypress enables E2E test isolation by default and cleans the browser context before each test. That reduces order-dependent failures; it does not automatically reset your application’s server-side data, so arrange any required application state deliberately.
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Retries are opt-in: Cypress tests do not retry by default. Its test retries guide describes retries as a way to detect or manage intermittent failures, not as a substitute for fixing their causes. Possible contributors include animations, API calls, server or database availability, resource dependencies, and network issues. If retries are used, track which tests need them and investigate why they fail intermittently instead of allowing repeated attempts to conceal an unstable setup.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Choose E2E or component testing by the question
| Test type | What it verifies | Typical trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| E2E | A complete browser journey and integration across application layers. | Requires more infrastructure and maintenance; failures can involve multiple parts of the system. |
| Component | A component mounted in isolation, with focused scenarios around that component. | Setup is simpler and feedback more focused, but a passing component test does not prove the full application works together. |
Cypress recommends combining test types according to what each needs to verify. Use E2E coverage for important end-to-end journeys and integration boundaries; use component tests when the question is about a component’s behavior in isolation. One type cannot establish what only the other tests.
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Run Cypress reliably in CI
CI must have the application running before Cypress begins. Starting a server in the background and immediately launching tests creates a race: Cypress may reach the app before it is ready. Cypress recommends a readiness check rather than an arbitrary fixed sleep. Its CI guidance covers GitHub Actions, CircleCI, GitLab CI, Jenkins, and AWS CodeBuild; provider configuration can evolve, so consult the current instructions for your system.
GitHub Actions example
The official Cypress GitHub Action provides start and wait-on options so the action can start the app and wait for its URL before running tests:
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 20
- run: npm ci
- uses: cypress-io/github-action@v6
with:
start: npm run start
wait-on: 'http://localhost:3000'Adjust the Node.js version, start command, and readiness URL to match your project and the currently supported CI setup. The important property is that the workflow waits for the actual application endpoint before Cypress runs; a delay of a guessed duration does not establish readiness. See Cypress’s continuous integration guide for provider-specific approaches.
CI reliability checklist
- Use a predictable test environment and ensure required services and data are available.
- Start the application before the test command and wait for a readiness signal.
- Keep tests independently runnable so failures are not dependent on execution order.
- Use retries only when they serve a defined diagnostic or operational purpose, then investigate intermittent failures.
Or skip the browser setup
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