Selenium WebDriver’s C# commands let you open pages, inspect browser state, find and operate on elements, wait for dynamic content, switch tabs or frames, and cleanly end a session. The core interface is IWebDriver; a concrete driver such as ChromeDriver starts the browser session.
Start a browser and navigate to a page
Use Navigate().GoToUrl() to load a URL. This example follows Selenium’s official C# getting-started sample; install the Selenium .NET package and configure a compatible browser driver for your environment before running it. Selenium’s first script documentation has setup context.
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");Navigate() returns an INavigation object. Use GoToUrl() for a direct load and Back(), Forward(), or Refresh() for browser-history and reload operations. Setting driver.Url also navigates to a URL using HTTP GET. Its return timing can be affected by redirects and page-load behavior, so use the installed Selenium API documentation and driver capabilities for version-specific details. Selenium .NET API documentation
Read browser and page state
These properties describe the active browsing context:
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driver.Urlgets the current URL (and can also be set to navigate).driver.Titlereturns the current window’s title.driver.PageSourcereturns a representation of the page’s underlying DOM.driver.CurrentWindowHandleidentifies the selected window;driver.WindowHandleslists open windows.
PageSource is not guaranteed to include JavaScript changes made after the page loaded, and it need not match the original server response formatting. If a test needs to verify a live, changing value, locate the relevant element and inspect its current properties instead.
Find elements and interact with them
A By locator specifies how to search; the returned IWebElement represents a matching page element. The official example uses a name locator for a text field and a tag-name locator for a button:
var textBox = driver.FindElement(By.Name("my-text"));
var submitButton = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button"));
textBox.SendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.Click();
var message = driver.FindElement(By.Id("message")).Text;Common element operations include Click(), SendKeys(), and reading Text. Choose the lookup method according to the expected result:
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FindElement(By...)is for a single expected match. If no match is found, Selenium reports an error rather than returning an empty element.FindElements(By...)returns a collection and is appropriate when there may be zero or multiple matches.
Element references can become stale when a page replaces or redraws DOM elements. If that happens, wait for the new state and locate the element again rather than assuming the old reference remains valid. Selenium element documentation
Wait for the state the next action needs
Navigation waits for a document readyState determined by the page-load strategy; the default target is complete. That does not guarantee that a JavaScript application has finished rendering or that a particular control is ready. Synchronize against the condition your next command requires.
Use an explicit wait for a specific condition
A WebDriverWait can wait until a lookup succeeds, as shown in the .NET API example:
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using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
var wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
var element = wait.Until(d => d.FindElement(By.Name("q")));
element.SendKeys("Selenium");Choose a timeout that suits the application and test environment. The condition should match the action: finding an element is not the same as proving that it is visible, enabled, or otherwise ready for interaction. Selenium waiting strategies
Understand implicit waits and avoid mixing wait types
An implicit wait sets a session-wide timeout for element searches. An explicit wait polls for a particular condition. Their scope differs, and Selenium warns: “Do not mix implicit and explicit waits. Doing so can cause unpredictable wait times.” Prefer condition-specific explicit waits when the needed state is known; do not combine them with an implicit wait in the same test suite unless you have deliberately accounted for the interaction. Selenium waiting strategies
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Manage session options, cookies, and windows
driver.Manage() provides access to browser-session settings through IOptions. The API includes interfaces for timeouts (ITimeouts), cookies (ICookieJar), and window controls (IWindow). Use the method signatures supported by the Selenium .NET package installed in your project.
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Use driver.SwitchTo() when subsequent commands must target a different frame or window. Switching changes the current browsing context; it does not merely identify another window. For window handling, use CurrentWindowHandle and WindowHandles to inspect available handles, then select the intended one using the target locator returned by SwitchTo(). See the .NET API reference for available members and signatures.
Close a window or end the whole session
driver.Close()closes the current window. If it is the last window, the browser quits.driver.Quit()ends the driver session and closes all associated windows.
Use Quit() for cleanup in normal test runs. Put cleanup in a finally block or your test framework’s teardown method so it still runs if an assertion or browser command fails:
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try
{
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
// Perform test steps and assertions here.
}
finally
{
driver.Quit();
}Other WebDriver command families
The .NET WebDriver class exposes JavaScript execution through ExecuteScript and ExecuteAsyncScript, as well as screenshot functionality. Selenium’s namespace also includes APIs for alerts, logs, actions, printing, downloads, and network handling. Availability and behavior can depend on the concrete browser driver and its capabilities, so check the API and driver documentation before relying on a particular operation. Selenium .NET API reference
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Troubleshoot common command problems
- Element lookup fails: The locator may not match, or the element may not yet exist. Check the locator and wait for the required page state before searching.
- Element reference is stale: The page may have replaced the DOM node after the element was found. Wait for the update and locate it again.
- Click or typing happens too early: A completed document load does not mean a dynamic application is ready. Wait for the relevant condition, such as the element being available for the operation.
- Waits take unexpectedly long: Check whether implicit and explicit waits are mixed. Selenium notes that their combined timing can be unpredictable.
- Commands affect the wrong frame or tab: Confirm the selected context with
SwitchTo()before issuing element commands. - Browser processes remain after a test: Ensure
Quit()executes in teardown or afinallyblock, including on test failure. - A page-source check misses updated content:
PageSourceis not guaranteed to reflect JavaScript changes made after load. Inspect the live element or state needed by the test instead.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Selenium’s GoToUrl() wait until a JavaScript application is ready?
No. Navigation waits for the configured document readyState, but an application may still be updating after that. Wait for the specific condition your next action needs.
Should I use FindElement or FindElements when a match may not exist?
Use FindElements if zero matches is an expected possibility; it returns a collection that can be empty. FindElement is intended for a single expected match.
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