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In Playwright, use getByRole() with an accessible name for interactive controls, getByLabel() for labeled form fields, and getByText() for ordinary visible text. When a page repeats the same control, first locate its card or row, then find the control inside that container. Make a single-target locator unique before clicking; Playwright waits for actionability, but it cannot tell whether you chose the right element.
Choose a locator that matches what the test is checking
Playwright describes locators as “the central piece of Playwright’s auto-waiting and retry-ability.” The locator API gives tests ways to identify elements by user-facing semantics or by explicit implementation hooks. Prefer the user-facing option that expresses the behavior under test where possible. See the Playwright locator guide.
Interactive controls: role and accessible name
For buttons, links, checkboxes, and headings, use getByRole() with a meaningful accessible name:
const signInButton = page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign in' });
await signInButton.click();This targets the control by the role and name available to users and assistive technology, and makes those semantics part of the test’s contract. If the role or accessible name is wrong, a role-based test can reveal that mismatch.
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Form fields: label first
For a labeled input, use getByLabel():
await page.getByLabel('Password').fill('example-password');A placeholder can be useful if the input has no label and the placeholder is meaningful:
await page.getByPlaceholder('Search products').fill('camera');Prefer a label when one exists: placeholder text is not a substitute for a properly labeled form control.
Non-interactive text and other attributes
Use getByText() for ordinary visible content, such as a message or paragraph:
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await expect(page.getByText('Your changes have been saved')).toBeVisible();Text matching normalizes whitespace; use exact matching when the distinction matters:
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Test IDs: an explicit test contract
Use getByTestId() when a stable testing hook is more suitable than user-facing text or semantics:
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await page.getByTestId('account-menu').click();Playwright uses data-testid by default, and the attribute can be configured. A test ID can survive copy changes, but it does not establish that the element has the correct role, accessible name, or user-facing text. Use it deliberately rather than as a default for every element. See the locator guide.
Make repeated elements specific by scoping them
If several cards each have an “Add to cart” button, identify the intended card first, then locate its button. This expresses which item the test means rather than relying on the button’s position in the page.
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const product = page.getByRole('listitem').filter({ hasText: 'Product 2' });
await product.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add to cart' }).click();The locator inside filter({ has: ... }) is evaluated relative to the outer match. You can also scope with a child locator that identifies a distinctive part of a row or card:
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const row = page.getByRole('row').filter({ hasText: 'Alex Morgan' });
await row.getByRole('button', { name: 'Edit' }).click();Choose a container and identifying text that distinguish one item from the others. Playwright’s best-practices guide recommends user-facing locators and locator composition over selectors tied to implementation details.
Resolve ambiguity instead of guessing an index
Actions such as click() are strict: they require one matching element. If a locator matches multiple buttons, Playwright reports a strictness error instead of silently choosing one. Refine it by adding a role and accessible name, matching more specific text, or scoping it to a unique row or card.
Methods such as .first(), .last(), and .nth() can select an item by position, but an index may refer to a different item when the page’s order changes. Use positional selection only when order itself is meaningful and stable for the test. Otherwise, make the locator identify the intended item by its content or a deliberate test hook.
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Understand what auto-waiting checks
Before a click, Playwright waits for the locator to resolve to exactly one element and for that element to be visible, stable, enabled, and able to receive events. If a required check does not pass before the timeout, the action times out. These checks make actions wait for readiness; they do not verify that the locator points to the element your test intended. Consult Playwright’s actionability documentation.
When an action times out, investigate whether the element is present, visible, enabled, stable, unobscured, and uniquely matched. A longer delay does not fix a locator that identifies the wrong target or a page state that never becomes ready.
Use CSS and XPath when they express a real need
page.locator() supports CSS and XPath selectors. They can be useful when the target has no suitable user-facing locator or test ID, or when the test intentionally checks a structural detail. For example:
const price = page.locator('[data-price]');A long selector that depends on several class names, ancestor levels, or element position can break when the implementation is redesigned—even if the user-facing behavior is unchanged. Prefer a role, label, text, or explicit test ID when that better expresses the target. Playwright discusses selector trade-offs in its best practices and other locators documentation.
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Playwright’s Codegen can inspect a page and propose locators. Its suggestions prioritize role, text, and test IDs, but generated code is a starting point: review whether the locator reflects the intended behavior and uniquely identifies the target. See Writing tests.
Troubleshoot common locator failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to change |
|---|---|---|
| Strictness error on a click | The locator matches more than one element. | Add a meaningful role and name, refine the text, or scope the locator to the intended card or row. |
| Action times out | The element did not satisfy one or more actionability checks before the timeout, or the page never reached the expected state. | Check presence, visibility, stability, enabled state, event reception, and uniqueness. Fix the page-state or locator issue rather than adding an arbitrary delay. |
| Locator breaks after a redesign | The selector depended on CSS classes or DOM structure that changed. | Use a user-facing role, label, or text locator, or a deliberate test ID if that is the intended contract. |
| A text locator finds the wrong control | The text is shared or does not identify the interactive element’s semantics. | Use getByRole() with the control’s accessible name and scope it to the relevant container if necessary. |
.nth() selects a different item |
The list order changed, so the index now points elsewhere. | Identify the row or card by its content or stable test hook, then locate the intended child control. |
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