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text-orientation controls how characters are oriented inside vertical text; it does not make ordinary horizontal text vertical by itself. Set writing-mode to establish vertical flow, then choose text-orientation to keep glyphs upright, let the browser mix upright and sideways characters, or rotate text sideways.

Set up vertical text with CSS

Use writing-mode to make lines flow vertically, and text-orientation to control the orientation of characters within that flow. For example:

.vertical-label {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
  text-orientation: upright;
}

This makes the text flow vertically from right to left, with its glyphs kept upright. Change vertical-rl to vertical-lr if the vertical block flow should proceed in the other direction. The two properties do different jobs: writing-mode sets the writing layout and block flow; text-orientation governs character orientation in vertical writing.

Keep text horizontal

If the element is still in a horizontal writing mode, changing text-orientation will not turn its text vertical. Set a vertical writing-mode first.

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Vertical text is not just rotated horizontal text

Vertical writing modes support international layouts, including vertical Chinese, Japanese, and Korean text. Depending on the script and the chosen orientation value, characters can remain upright or appear sideways within the vertical flow.

Choose a text-orientation value

Value What it does When to use it
mixed The initial value. Uses Unicode vertical-orientation data to determine which typographic character units remain upright and which are typeset sideways. A natural starting point for mixed-script vertical typesetting.
upright Keeps glyphs upright. It treats all characters as left-to-right and forces the used direction value to ltr. When glyphs should all remain upright and that directionality behavior is suitable.
sideways Lays out characters horizontally and rotates the whole line 90 degrees clockwise. When text should read sideways in vertical writing.
sideways-right An alias for sideways retained for compatibility. For compatibility with code that uses the older alias.
use-glyph-orientation A legacy compatibility keyword documented for SVG elements using deprecated SVG glyph-orientation properties. Legacy SVG compatibility; it is not among the current formal syntax values mixed, upright, and sideways.

Mixed orientation for scripts and punctuation

With mixed, the browser uses Unicode’s Vertical_Orientation property to guide whether a typographic character unit is upright or sideways. The result is not a rule that every Latin-script character must always rotate or every non-Latin character must always remain upright; it follows the character-orientation data.

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Upright characters and bidirectional text

upright can be useful for vertical labels or text where every glyph should remain upright. Be careful with bidirectional content: this value treats characters as left-to-right and forces the used direction to ltr. If the content relies on right-to-left directionality, test the actual layout rather than assuming direction: rtl will be preserved.

Sideways text

sideways rotates the line 90 degrees clockwise. The W3C CSS Writing Modes Level 4 specification notes: “Scripts without a native vertical orientation can be either rotated (set sideways) or translated (set upright): the transform used is a stylistic preference depending on the text’s usage, rather than a matter of correctness.” Choose based on readability and the intended design, not as a universal script-correctness rule.

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Use writing-mode and direction for the layout you intend

CSS writing direction involves writing-mode, direction, and text-orientation. A vertical mode establishes vertical line flow; direction contributes directionality; text-orientation decides glyph orientation. They are related, but one is not a substitute for another.

/* Vertical flow with browser-selected mixed orientation */
.vertical-copy {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
  text-orientation: mixed;
}

/* Vertical flow with every glyph upright */
.vertical-label {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
  text-orientation: upright;
}

/* Vertical flow with the line rotated sideways */
.sideways-label {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
  text-orientation: sideways;
}

For unusual script direction or specialized sideways writing, the specification cautions that Unicode’s UTR50 does not handle scripts that rotate 90 degrees counterclockwise in vertical contexts; it advises using writing-mode: sideways-lr for those scripts. This is a specialist case, not a replacement for ordinary vertical modes.

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Compatibility and property behavior

MDN classifies text-orientation as Baseline Widely available and reports broad browser availability since September 2020. That summary applies to text-orientation; it does not establish identical support for every writing-mode value or related feature. Check the target browsers’ compatibility information for the complete combination you plan to use.

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The property is inherited, has an initial value of mixed, and is not animatable. It applies to all elements except table row groups, rows, column groups, and columns. Its computed value is the specified value.

Troubleshoot unexpected orientation

  • Nothing changes: Check that the element has a vertical writing-mode. text-orientation does not create vertical flow.
  • Some characters are sideways: The initial mixed value follows Unicode vertical-orientation data. Set upright if every glyph should stay upright.
  • Right-to-left behavior changes: Check whether text-orientation: upright is forcing the used direction to ltr.
  • The whole line rotates in an unexpected direction: Confirm whether sideways is appropriate; it rotates the line 90 degrees clockwise. For the unusual counterclockwise script case described by the specification, consider writing-mode: sideways-lr.
  • It differs across target browsers: Verify support for the specific writing-mode value and related layout features as well as text-orientation; the broad baseline statement for this property does not cover every combination.

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