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The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface that represents a document as an ordered tree of objects called nodes. In a browser, JavaScript and other scripts can use DOM APIs to find, inspect, and change parts of a page. The DOM is a model and set of interfaces—not the HTML source code, a screenshot, or a programming language.
How a browser turns HTML into a DOM
A browser parses HTML and builds a structured representation of the document. For example, a page containing a heading and a paragraph might be represented like this:
Document
└── html
└── body
├── h1
│ └── "Hello"
└── p
└── "Welcome."This is a simplified picture: the document object is at the root, elements are nested according to the page structure, and text appears in text nodes. Whitespace in the HTML source can also be represented in the tree, so the actual DOM may include nodes not shown in a tidy diagram. The MDN DOM introduction explains the browser-facing model, while the WHATWG DOM Standard defines the underlying interfaces and node trees.
What counts as a node?
A node is a general kind of object in the document tree; an element is only one kind of node. Common node types include the document itself, a document type declaration, elements, text, and comments. For instance, <p> is an element, while the words inside it are represented by a text node. The MDN guide to DOM anatomy describes these relationships.
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Attributes such as id and class belong to elements, but they are not child nodes in the main tree. That distinction matters when navigating a DOM: an element’s children are not a list of its attributes.
How code uses the DOM
The DOM provides APIs to select nodes, read their properties, move through parent-child-sibling relationships, and create, remove, or update content. For example:
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const paragraphs = document.querySelectorAll("p");
if (paragraphs.length > 0) {
paragraphs[0].textContent = "Updated text";
}querySelectorAll("p") finds elements matching the CSS selector p. The second statement changes the text content of the first match, if one exists. This is browser-side JavaScript calling DOM APIs; the DOM is not a feature of JavaScript alone. The MDN traversal guide covers moving through the tree.
For relationships, parentNode and childNodes work with nodes generally, whereas children focuses on child elements. This is useful when text or comment nodes could appear among an element’s children.
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DOM, HTML, and JavaScript: the difference
| Term | What it is | Typical role |
|---|---|---|
| HTML source | Markup text describing a document | The browser parses it as input |
| DOM | An object-based document model and APIs | Lets programs inspect and manipulate a document representation |
| JavaScript | A programming language | Commonly calls browser DOM APIs |
| HTML DOM API | HTML-specific interfaces within the DOM ecosystem | Provides specialized interfaces and behavior for HTML elements |
The core DOM defines general concepts such as documents and nodes; HTML adds interfaces specific to HTML elements. Other document formats, including SVG, also have specialized interfaces. The MDN HTML DOM API overview describes the HTML-specific layer.
The DOM is not the rendered page
The DOM represents document structure and content; it is not a screenshot or a guarantee of exactly what a person sees on screen. Visual rendering involves more than the DOM, so a DOM tree and the browser’s rendered output should not be treated as identical. A screenshot records visible output at a moment; DOM APIs let code work with document objects.
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Or skip the browser setup
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