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Repair common Windows errors and clear accumulated junk for a smoother, more stable PC - no reinstall needed.Free scan · no reinstallUse Cucumber.js to describe browser behavior as readable scenarios, and Selenium WebDriver to control the browser that executes them. Cucumber explicitly says it is not itself a browser automation tool; the two work together when JavaScript step definitions translate each scenario step into awaited WebDriver commands and assertions.
This tutorial sets up a local Chrome test, runs it with Cucumber, waits for an observable page result, and closes the browser even when a step fails. Selenium’s current JavaScript API requires Node.js 22 or later.
How Cucumber.js and Selenium fit together
Cucumber-JS is the Node.js implementation of Cucumber, installed from the @cucumber/cucumber package. It reads scenarios written in Gherkin, matches each Given, When, and Then to JavaScript step definitions, and reports whether the steps pass.
Selenium’s selenium-webdriver package supplies the browser-control layer. Your step definitions use its WebDriver API to navigate, find elements, interact with the page, and inspect results. The browser-specific driver communicates with the browser; Selenium Manager can handle driver installation in the documented JavaScript quick-start path, though it cannot guarantee that every machine or CI environment has all the required network and browser conditions.
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The division is useful: keep user-facing behavior in the feature file and browser mechanics in JavaScript. Assert what a user can observe, such as a result heading or visible message, rather than coupling the scenario to internal implementation details.
What you need before setup
- Node.js 22 or later, as required by the current Selenium JavaScript API.
- npm, which is included with standard Node.js installations, or Yarn.
- A browser available in the environment. The example below uses Chrome.
- A project directory in which you can install development dependencies.
Requirements and CLI or configuration details can change between releases. Check the package documentation for the versions you install rather than assuming an example for Cucumber’s main branch applies to every published version.
Install Cucumber.js and Selenium WebDriver
From the project directory, initialize a package if you do not already have a package.json, then install both packages as development dependencies:
npm init -y
npm install --save-dev @cucumber/cucumber selenium-webdriverCucumber’s installation documentation recommends adding @cucumber/cucumber as a development dependency. Selenium documents npm install selenium-webdriver for its JavaScript binding.
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Create a feature scenario
Create features/search.feature. This example uses a public search page and checks an observable outcome; replace the URL and selectors with those of an application you own or are authorized to test.
Feature: Search
Scenario: A visitor searches for a term
Given I am on the search page
When I search for "Cucumber"
Then I should see results for "Cucumber"Feature files describe behavior in business-readable language. They do not start the browser or perform the actions themselves; matching JavaScript steps do that work.
Implement asynchronous browser steps
Create features/step_definitions/search.js:
const { Given, When, Then } = require('@cucumber/cucumber');
const { Builder, Browser, By, until } = require('selenium-webdriver');
const assert = require('node:assert/strict');
Given('I am on the search page', async function () {
this.driver = await new Builder().forBrowser(Browser.CHROME).build();
await this.driver.get('https://www.google.com/');
});
When('I search for {string}', async function (term) {
const input = await this.driver.wait(
until.elementLocated(By.name('q')),
10000,
'Search field was not found'
);
await input.sendKeys(term);
await input.submit();
});
Then('I should see results for {string}', async function (term) {
await this.driver.wait(
until.titleContains(term),
10000,
'Page title did not contain the search term'
);
const title = await this.driver.getTitle();
assert.ok(title.includes(term), `Expected title to include ${term}; got ${title}`);
});The step functions are asynchronous because WebDriver operations return promises. Await navigation, element lookup, input, waits, and reads; otherwise a step may finish before the browser operation does. The explicit wait checks the condition that matters rather than treating a completed navigation or click as proof that dynamic content is ready.
This example uses a public site as a simple illustration, not a guarantee that its markup or behavior will remain unchanged. For a durable test, point the scenario at your own test environment and use selectors and expected results maintained by your team.
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Run the scenario and ensure the browser closes
Configure Cucumber’s After hook so it closes each created session, including after a failed assertion. Create features/support/hooks.js:
const { After } = require('@cucumber/cucumber');
After(async function () {
if (this.driver) {
await this.driver.quit();
this.driver = undefined;
}
});Run the feature from the project directory with:
npx cucumber-jsCucumber discovers feature files and support code under the conventional features directory. If your project changes that layout or adds CLI configuration, check the installed version’s documentation for the appropriate options.
Use Cucumber World and hooks for scenario state
Cucumber provides a World instance for each scenario. In the example, assigning the driver to this.driver makes it available to the scenario’s later steps and teardown. Use regular function expressions when a hook or step needs the World as this; arrow functions bind their own lexical this and cannot access the World that way.
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- Use a
Beforehook when every scenario needs common setup, such as creating a browser session. - Keep scenario-specific actions and assertions in named steps so the feature remains understandable.
- Use an
Afterhook to quit the session and release resources regardless of pass or failure. - Store per-scenario state on World rather than in shared module-level variables, which can leak state across scenarios.
Hooks are documented in the Cucumber-JS hooks guide.
Choose local, remote, and browser execution deliberately
Local browser
For a small development setup, new Builder().forBrowser(Browser.CHROME).build() requests a local Chrome session. Selenium’s JavaScript quick start uses this Builder pattern and demonstrates Selenium Manager in its documented startup path. Browser availability, permissions, and network access can still affect startup.
Browser selection
Selenium’s Builder lets the test choose a browser. Select the browser or browsers your product needs to support; there is no universal browser choice that is fastest or most reliable for every project. Cucumber’s browser guide also discusses selecting browsers for automation.
Remote server or Selenium Grid
If browser sessions run on a Selenium Grid or another standalone remote server, configure the WebDriver client to use that server instead of launching a local browser. Selenium documents the SELENIUM_REMOTE_URL environment variable and the usingServer() Builder method. Remote execution adds server configuration and maintenance; it is useful when the browser environment is intentionally hosted elsewhere, not a prerequisite for this local example.
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Wait for the page state your test needs
Modern pages may render or update after navigation. A click returning successfully does not necessarily mean the next assertion can already pass. Wait for a meaningful condition, such as a specific element becoming visible, a title changing, or a result container appearing. Selenium provides wait conditions such as until.elementLocated and until.titleContains; Cucumber’s Selenium example likewise waits for an expected title condition.
Keep waits bounded and tied to the next observable state. A fixed delay can waste time when the page is fast and still fail when it is slower than expected. If a wait times out, inspect whether the expected condition is correct, whether the locator still matches, and whether the application actually reached that state.
Troubleshooting common failures
Package or runtime errors
- Module not found: run the installation command from the directory containing the intended
package.json, and confirm both packages appear in the project’s dependencies. - Unsupported Node.js version: use Node.js 22 or later for the current Selenium JavaScript API, then rerun the test.
cucumber-jsis not found: run it throughnpx cucumber-jsfrom the project directory after installing@cucumber/cucumber.
Browser startup or driver errors
- Chrome cannot start: confirm Chrome is installed and usable by the account running the test; in CI, check the environment’s browser and display requirements.
- Driver setup fails: Selenium Manager supports automatic driver installation in the documented quick-start route, but network restrictions, browser setup, or environment-specific constraints can still block it. Check connectivity and the installed browser, then consult Selenium’s setup documentation.
- Wrong browser is selected: confirm the Builder’s browser choice and any
SELENIUM_BROWSERenvironment setting. - Remote connection fails: verify the remote Selenium server URL and that the server is reachable; use
SELENIUM_REMOTE_URLor Builder’susingServer()as appropriate.
Step synchronization or assertion failures
- Element not found: verify the locator against the current page and wait for the element to be located before interacting.
- Timeout after an action: wait for the outcome of the action, not merely its completion. Check whether a redirect, asynchronous render, or changed selector explains the missing condition.
- Browser remains open after failure: ensure the
Afterhook is in the discovered support-code path and callsquit()for the driver created by that scenario. - World value is undefined: use a regular function for any step or hook that accesses
this; arrow functions do not receive Cucumber’s World as theirthis.
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Further reading
- Cucumber browser automation guide
- Cucumber-JS installation
- Selenium WebDriver JavaScript API
- Selenium getting started
- Cucumber-JS repository
Frequently Asked Questions
Can Cucumber.js automate a browser by itself?
No. Cucumber maps readable scenarios to step definitions; a browser automation library such as Selenium performs the browser actions.
Can I run the same Cucumber scenarios against more than one browser?
Yes. Select a browser through Selenium’s Builder and run the scenarios in the browser environments your project supports.
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