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This guide uses Laravel 12 for test setup, database testing, and parallel execution. Its HTTP-testing examples align with Laravel 13 documentation; check the documentation and installed package versions for your application before relying on version-specific details. Laravel 12 testing guide · Laravel 13 HTTP tests.
Choose the test type that matches the behavior
A Unit test isolates a small piece of code. Laravel says Unit tests do not boot the application, so they cannot use the database or other framework services. They are useful for focused logic, such as a calculation or value transformation, when the result can be checked without application infrastructure.
A Feature test exercises a broader slice of the application. It can test several objects working together or make a full HTTP request, including routing, middleware, persistence, authentication, and response behavior. Laravel advises that “Generally, most of your tests should be feature tests.” That is guidance about confidence in system behavior, not a requirement to avoid Unit tests: isolated tests can be faster and clarify logic, while Feature tests cover more integration points.
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| Test type | Application and framework access | Useful for | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit | Does not boot the application; no database or framework services | Isolated logic with a directly observable result | Narrow scope; does not verify framework integration |
| Feature | Can use the application and its services | HTTP requests, persistence, authentication, and collaborating components | Broader setup than an isolated test |
Ask what could fail from the perspective of the user or calling system. If the risk is a wrong calculation, isolate it. If the risk is that a route rejects a valid user, fails to save a record, or returns the wrong JSON, test that behavior at the Feature or HTTP boundary.
Create and run a first test
Laravel 12 documents support for both Pest and PHPUnit and includes a preconfigured phpunit.xml. The generated test needs meaningful assertions; a file that merely runs is not evidence that the behavior works.
- Create a Feature test with
php artisan make:test ExampleTest. Laravel places it in the default Feature tests directory. - Create a Unit test instead with
php artisan make:test ExampleTest --unit. - Write an arrange–act–assert flow: prepare the required state, invoke the behavior, then assert an observable result.
- Run the suite using the command appropriate to the project’s installed test framework:
php artisan test,vendor/bin/pest, orvendor/bin/phpunit.
php artisan test keeps execution within Artisan and is a convenient starting point. Use the direct Pest or PHPUnit command when you specifically need that runner. Laravel 12’s upgrade guidance associates Laravel 12 with laravel/framework ^12.0, PHPUnit ^11.0, and Pest ^3.0; these are version-specific upgrade references, not a reason to change a working project’s dependencies merely to follow this guide. See the Laravel 12 upgrade guide.
Keep the test environment predictable
Laravel runs tests in the testing environment. Session and cache use the array driver by default in this environment, which avoids carrying those values between tests in the way a persistent store might.
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Use a .env.testing file when tests need values that differ from local development settings. For example, configure a dedicated test database there rather than pointing tests at valuable development or production data. After changing relevant settings, clear Laravel’s configuration cache so the application does not keep using stale configuration. The exact command depends on the project’s setup; commonly this is php artisan config:clear.
Keep secrets and environment-specific values out of committed test configuration. Before running a suite that writes data, confirm the active testing database and any external services are safe for test use.
Test database behavior without state leaking between tests
When a test depends on persisted records, create the state deliberately, execute the behavior, and assert both the response and the database result when both matter. Laravel’s database-testing tools provide factories, seeders, database assertions, and reset strategies.
Reset state with RefreshDatabase
For typical database-backed tests, use the RefreshDatabase trait. When the schema is current, Laravel runs each test inside a transaction rather than migrating for every test. This helps keep tests isolated while avoiding a full migration for each case.
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<?php
namespace TestsFeature;
use AppModelsUser;
use IlluminateFoundationTestingRefreshDatabase;
use TestsTestCase;
class UserCreationTest extends TestCase
{
use RefreshDatabase;
public function test_a_user_can_be_created(): void
{
$response = $this->postJson('/api/users', [
'name' => 'Ada Lovelace',
'email' => 'ada@example.test',
'password' => 'correct-horse-battery-staple',
]);
$response->assertCreated();
$this->assertDatabaseHas('users', [
'email' => 'ada@example.test',
'name' => 'Ada Lovelace',
]);
}
}This example assumes the application has a JSON route at /api/users that accepts those fields and returns a created response. Adjust the route, validation rules, and expected status to match the application rather than copying the example unchanged.
Use factories for scenario-specific records
Model factories express the records a scenario needs without relying on whichever rows happen to exist in a developer’s database. Create only the relevant records, and override factory attributes when a test needs a particular status, role, or relationship.
$user = User::factory()->create([
'email' => 'ada@example.test',
]);Use seeders when the behavior genuinely depends on application seed data, such as a set of reference values used across the scenario. A factory is often a more targeted choice when only a few records are needed. Laravel also documents DatabaseMigrations and DatabaseTruncation; its database-testing guide notes they are significantly slower than the transaction-oriented approach when the schema is current. See Laravel 12 database testing.
Assert persisted state, not just a successful response
A success status can prove that a request returned successfully, but not that the intended record was stored correctly. Use database assertions such as assertDatabaseHas for persisted outcomes. Conversely, if the contract is only the response and persistence is irrelevant to the behavior under test, avoid adding database setup without a reason.
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Test HTTP endpoints and APIs
Laravel’s HTTP test API lets a test make requests to the application and inspect the returned response. The official HTTP testing coverage includes JSON APIs, uploads, views, sessions, authentication, validation, and response assertions. The cited HTTP tests page is for Laravel 13; confirm method availability and details against the documentation for the version installed in your project.
Exercise a JSON endpoint
A concise API test makes a request through Laravel’s test client and asserts the contract the caller relies on: status, response fields, and, where relevant, database state.
public function test_the_profile_endpoint_returns_the_user(): void
{
$user = User::factory()->create([
'name' => 'Ada Lovelace',
]);
$response = $this->getJson('/api/users/' . $user->id);
$response
->assertOk()
->assertJsonPath('data.name', 'Ada Lovelace');
}The route and JSON structure here are illustrative; use the actual API contract. Test invalid input as well as valid input when validation is part of the endpoint’s behavior. For uploads, sessions, views, or other HTTP concerns, use the corresponding request setup and response assertions documented for the target Laravel version.
Include authentication when it is part of the contract
For a Sanctum-protected endpoint, authenticate the test request as a factory-created user using Sanctum’s test helper, then assert the endpoint’s result. Laravel Sanctum’s Laravel 12 documentation demonstrates Sanctum::actingAs for this purpose:
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use AppModelsUser;
use LaravelSanctumSanctum;
$user = User::factory()->create();
Sanctum::actingAs($user);
$this->getJson('/api/user')->assertOk();This checks the authenticated request path; add separate tests for unauthenticated access, authorization boundaries, and response data when those behaviors matter. Refer to Laravel 12 Sanctum testing documentation for the documented helper usage.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Run tests in parallel only after isolation is sound
Parallel testing can reduce the time spent waiting on a large suite, but it increases resource use and requires shared state to be coordinated. First make the suite reliable in a sequential run: tests should not depend on execution order, mutable external resources, or records left behind by another test.
- Install ParaTest as a development dependency:
composer require brianium/paratest --dev. - Run the suite in parallel with
php artisan test --parallel. - Adjust the number of processes to fit available CPU, memory, and database capacity; Laravel’s documentation shows a process-count option such as
--processes=4as an example, not a universal recommendation. - When a primary database is configured, Laravel creates and migrates a separate test database for each process. The database name includes a process token.
- Use
ParallelTestingsetup and teardown hooks when other shared resources also need per-process preparation or cleanup. - Use
--recreate-databaseswhen you need Laravel to recreate the parallel databases rather than reuse them across runs.
Separate databases do not automatically isolate files, external services, queues, or other shared resources. Give parallel workers distinct resources where needed, or keep tests that cannot safely share them out of parallel execution. Full setup and lifecycle details are in Laravel’s Laravel 12 testing guide.
Common failures and practical fixes
- Tests use stale environment values: after changing settings relevant to tests, clear Laravel’s configuration cache and verify the values loaded in the
testingenvironment. - A database test fails because a table or column is missing: check that the test database is the intended one and that migrations are current. Use
RefreshDatabasefor isolation; do not aim test setup at a production database. - Tests pass alone but fail in a suite: look for state that leaks through persistent database rows, static state, files, caches, or dependence on test order. Use factories and appropriate reset/cleanup mechanisms.
- A successful HTTP assertion misses a persistence bug: assert the database state as well as the response when storing data is part of the behavior.
- Parallel runs fail while sequential runs pass: identify resources shared between processes. Database isolation is per process when configured, but other resources may need process-token-based names or parallel testing hooks.
- The wrong runner command is unavailable: use the test runner installed in the project. Laravel supports Pest and PHPUnit, but a project does not necessarily have both executables installed.
How to build a useful test loop
- Define the risk: state what the user or integrating system should see or what data should change.
- Choose the narrowest useful boundary: Unit for isolated logic; Feature/HTTP for framework integration or behavior across components.
- Arrange deterministic state: use factories for targeted records, seeders for required seed data, and a testing-specific environment.
- Exercise the behavior once: make the method call or HTTP request that represents the scenario.
- Assert outcomes: verify returned values, response shape/status, and stored state as appropriate.
- Run sequentially first: use the configured runner; add parallel execution only when the suite’s shared resources are isolated.
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