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Enter a string into a Selenium element
With the Node.js Selenium WebDriver binding, a string is an ordinary JavaScript value. Locate a keyboard-interactable element, clear it if you want to replace existing content, and send the string:
const field = await driver.findElement(By.name('message'));
await field.clear();
await field.sendKeys('Hello, Selenium');sendKeys() is asynchronous, so await it before reading the result or making an assertion. It types into keyboard-interactable elements, typically text inputs and content-editable elements; it is not a universal way to set text on any page element. An element that cannot accept keyboard input may produce an error. See the Selenium JavaScript WebElement API and the element interactions guide.
Decide whether to clear first
Call clear() when the test should replace the field’s existing contents. Leave it out when the intended scenario is appending text to whatever is already present. This choice is part of the test behavior, not just setup.
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Read back the right kind of string
For a form control, read its value. For text rendered by an element, use getText():
const inputValue = await field.getAttribute('value');
assert.strictEqual(inputValue, 'Hello, Selenium');
const rendered = await driver.findElement(By.id('result')).getText();
assert.strictEqual(rendered, 'Hello, Selenium');getText() returns visible inner text, including text in sub-elements, and removes leading and trailing whitespace. That behavior makes it appropriate for visible page content, but not for checking what a text input contains. For inputs, assert the value attribute instead. The Selenium JavaScript API documents both methods and its examples read an input’s value after typing.
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Assert exact strings or locale-aware matches
assert.strictEqual(actual, expected) checks exact, case-sensitive equality. Use it when capitalization and every character are part of the expected behavior. Do not silently trim, normalize, or change case unless the product requirement calls for that transformation; doing so can make a test pass despite a real difference.
When case-insensitive comparison is required
For locale-aware case-insensitive matching, JavaScript’s Intl.Collator or localeCompare() with an appropriate sensitivity option is more robust than blindly converting both strings to upper- or lowercase. Choose the locale and comparison sensitivity to match the application’s requirements. See MDN’s JavaScript String reference.
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Handle special keys and keyboard shortcuts
Use Selenium’s Key constants or the Actions API for keys that are not ordinary text. For example, the keyboard actions guide demonstrates pressing Shift while entering a letter, then releasing Shift. A modifier can remain active until it is released or reset with Key.NULL, so make the intended key state explicit.
const { Key } = require('selenium-webdriver');
await driver.actions()
.keyDown(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys('a')
.keyUp(Key.SHIFT)
.perform();Keyboard shortcut modifiers can depend on the operating system. Selenium’s example uses Command on macOS and Control on other platforms; select the modifier appropriate to the environment in which the test runs. See the official Selenium keyboard actions guide.
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Account for Unicode and what “character” means
JavaScript strings use UTF-16 code units. A string’s length and indexed positions count code units, not necessarily user-perceived characters. Iterating a string yields Unicode code points, but a code point can still be only one part of a visible grapheme, such as an emoji combined with a modifier or another emoji.
- For ordinary exact string equality, compare the strings directly.
- For limits defined in UTF-16 code units,
lengthmay be the relevant measure. - For code-point counts, iterate the string rather than splitting it into individual UTF-16 units.
- For user-perceived character limits, use a grapheme-aware definition; neither
lengthnor spread syntax necessarily counts visible graphemes.
Avoid split('') when processing arbitrary Unicode: it can separate the two code units of a surrogate pair. Lone surrogates are also an edge case when a string crosses into an API that expects valid UTF-16 or UTF-8 data. MDN documents isWellFormed() and toWellFormed() for detecting and sanitizing such strings, and notes that encodeURI() can throw a URIError for a lone surrogate. Only sanitize if that matches the behavior the application is meant to test.
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Use page-side JavaScript only when it is the behavior under test
Selenium’s executeScript() runs JavaScript in the selected browser frame or window. It is useful when a test specifically needs a page-side computation. For normal user-like typing and reading, prefer element methods such as sendKeys(), getAttribute('value'), and getText(); they test the interaction path rather than assigning or inspecting data through a separate mechanism.
executeAsyncScript() has a different completion contract: the injected script must invoke Selenium’s callback to signal completion. Consult the Selenium JavaScript API for the installed binding’s details.
Troubleshoot string assertion failures
- The input assertion returns an unexpected value: Check that you read
getAttribute('value'), notgetText(). A form control’s entered content is its value. - The visible-text assertion differs only in whitespace: Selenium’s
getText()removes leading and trailing whitespace. Confirm whether the requirement concerns normalized visible text or an exact input value. sendKeys()fails or types nowhere: Verify that the located element is keyboard-interactable, such as a text field or content-editable element, and that it is in a state that accepts keyboard input.- The assertion runs before typing finishes: Await
sendKeys()and the subsequent read method before asserting. Selenium’s JavaScript commands are asynchronous. - Later keystrokes behave as though Shift is still held: Explicitly call
keyUp()for the modifier, or reset modifier state withKey.NULLwhere appropriate. - A shortcut works on one operating system but not another: Account for the platform modifier; Command is used on macOS in Selenium’s example, while Control is used elsewhere.
- Unicode length checks disagree with what a person sees: Identify whether the requirement counts UTF-16 code units, code points, or grapheme clusters before choosing a counting method.
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