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What JUnit and TestNG do in a Selenium test
Selenium WebDriver automates communication with a browser, but it does not itself provide test assertions or decide whether a test passes. JUnit and TestNG provide the test-runner structure around WebDriver. Selenium lists both among the Java runner choices in its guide to organizing and executing Selenium code and describes the responsibilities of its components in the Selenium components overview.
A typical test creates a driver, opens a page, performs an action, checks an observable result, and closes the session. The examples use Selenium’s public sample form at https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html. They are teaching examples, not claims of an independently executed test.
JUnit Jupiter Selenium example
JUnit Jupiter uses @BeforeEach and @AfterEach for per-test setup and cleanup. This example checks the page title:
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import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
class SeleniumFormTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
void setUp() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
void opensBrowserAndChecksTitle() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
assertEquals("Web form", driver.getTitle());
}
@AfterEach
void tearDown() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}The null check prevents teardown from trying to quit a driver if setup failed before assigning one. Calling quit() closes the browser session rather than leaving it running after a test.
Exercise the form as well as the title
Selenium’s official example also locates the text field and submit button, enters text, submits the form, and checks the resulting page. Add these imports and replace the test method above to cover that interaction:
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import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
@Test
void submitsTextAndChecksResponse() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
driver.findElement(By.name("my-text")).sendKeys("Selenium");
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button")).click();
WebElement message = driver.findElement(By.id("message"));
assertEquals("Received!", message.getText());
}This method belongs in the same class as the setup and teardown hooks. It expects the form’s submission response to display “Received!”.
TestNG Selenium example
TestNG uses @BeforeMethod and @AfterMethod for setup and cleanup around test methods. Its @Test annotation marks the test, and its assertion class is org.testng.Assert.
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import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class SeleniumFormTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
public void opensBrowserAndChecksTitle() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), "Web form");
}
@AfterMethod(alwaysRun = true)
public void tearDown() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}The alwaysRun = true attribute requests that the after-method configuration run even when preceding methods fail or are skipped. Confirm annotation attributes and runner setup against the TestNG version selected for your project. This is an illustrative adaptation of the Selenium workflow, not a Selenium-published TestNG class.
Set up dependencies and run the test
Use the build system already configured for the project. Selenium’s Java library installation guide shows Maven and Gradle dependency setup. The Selenium Java guide includes selenium-java and a JUnit Jupiter engine in its example configuration; TestNG projects need their chosen TestNG dependency and runner configuration instead. The exact declarations depend on the build file and versions used by the project.
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- Choose the framework and add its dependencies. Add Selenium Java and either the JUnit Jupiter engine or TestNG using the official setup guidance and your project’s version conventions.
- Save the test in the project’s test source set. Use the directory and naming conventions recognized by the project’s Maven or Gradle test runner.
- Run the test with the configured build. For a Maven project whose test runner is set up, the Selenium examples repository documentation describes running Java examples with
mvn test. Use the project’s actual runner configuration; a dependency declaration by itself does not establish that the test has run.
Selenium’s downloads page lists Java Selenium 4.49.0 as stable on September 9, 2026. Treat that as a dated release reference, not a requirement to use that version: check the current project documentation and your repository before copying version numbers.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Choose JUnit or TestNG for the suite
Neither framework is universally best for Selenium. Selenium characterizes JUnit as widely used for Java Selenium tests and identifies TestNG’s additional parallel execution and parameterized-test features. TestNG’s documentation also covers data providers and parallel execution configuration. Compare the behaviors your team actually needs:
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- Lifecycle: JUnit Jupiter’s per-test hooks are
@BeforeEachand@AfterEach; TestNG documents@BeforeMethodand@AfterMethod. - Test data: TestNG documents data providers. Select the framework and configuration that fit how your suite supplies inputs.
- Parallel runs: TestNG documents parallel execution configuration. Decide whether running tests in parallel is part of the build and configure browser sessions accordingly.
- Project conventions: Consider the test stack, IDE, and build tooling already supported by your team before changing frameworks.
JUnit’s JUnit 5 User Guide defines lifecycle annotations such as @BeforeAll and @AfterAll; in the cited versioned guide they normally need to be static unless the per-class test-instance lifecycle is used. Check the guide for the JUnit version in your project before relying on version-specific details.
Common problems and fixes
- The browser does not start: Check that the browser is installed and that the Selenium and browser setup match the project environment. Review the driver startup error and the project’s Selenium setup rather than assuming the test assertion is at fault.
- The test reports that an element cannot be found: Confirm the page loaded and that the locator matches the element on that page. In the form example, the text field uses
name="my-text", the submit button is selected bybutton, and the result is found byid="message". - A test passes locally but leaves browser processes behind: Ensure the teardown hook is present and calls
driver.quit(), including after assertion failures. - The build finds no tests: Check that the class is in the test source set, its naming and annotations match the runner, and the selected JUnit engine or TestNG runner is configured in the build.
- Framework annotation or dependency errors appear: Verify imports and selected dependency versions against the chosen JUnit or TestNG documentation and the project’s Maven or Gradle configuration.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use Selenium without JUnit or TestNG?
WebDriver can automate a browser, but a test suite still needs some way to organize execution and evaluate outcomes; these examples use JUnit Jupiter or TestNG for that role.
Should I create one WebDriver per test?
The examples create a driver in each test’s setup hook, which supports per-test isolation; suites with different performance or parallelization needs should choose and configure their lifecycle deliberately.
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