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Start with evidence, not a guess
- Reproduce the smallest failing interaction. Note what you did, what you expected, and what happened instead. If possible, reduce the issue to one component and one interaction.
- Read the browser console. Record the full error and stack trace. When a state update seems wrong, the stack can help identify the setter responsible.
- Inspect the component tree. Use React Developer Tools to inspect the component, its props, and state. The Components panel helps locate what is rendered; the Profiler helps investigate repeated or expensive updates.
- Classify the symptom. Decide whether the issue is repeated rendering, unchanged or stale state, an Effect loop or leak, or a child rendering error. The right fix depends on which category the evidence supports.
- Change one cause at a time. Repeat the same interaction and check both the console and visible result after each change.
Why is my React component rendering twice?
First establish whether the duplicate work is happening only in development or also in a production build. React Strict Mode performs extra development-only checks, including an extra render intended to reveal components that are not pure. That behavior is a diagnostic clue, not by itself evidence of a production bug.
React expects rendering to be pure: for the same props, state, and context, a component should return the same output. Do not mutate props or state, or perform side effects such as changing an external system during render. Such code can behave inconsistently when React renders more than once. See Rules of React.
- Look for assignments that modify an object or array received through props or read from state.
- Move external work—such as subscribing, starting a timer, or connecting to a service—out of render and into the appropriate synchronization or event logic.
- Keep Strict Mode enabled while debugging. Fix impurity rather than hiding the extra development check.
Why is my React state not updating?
Check the value passed to the setter and whether it actually differs from the current state. React may ignore an update when the next value is Object.is-equal to the current value. Mutating an existing object or array and passing that same reference back is a common way to produce an apparently ignored update.
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Instead, create a new value when changing an object or array, and keep state minimal. If one value can be calculated from another, derive it during render rather than storing a duplicate that can drift out of sync. React’s Managing State guide identifies redundant or duplicate state as a common source of bugs; the useState reference also recommends checking the console stack when the responsible setter is unclear.
- Confirm the setter runs in the interaction you expect and receives the intended next value.
- Do not mutate the existing state object or array before calling the setter.
- Check whether the new value is actually different from the current one.
- Remove duplicated state when it can be derived reliably from existing props or state.
Why is my useEffect running repeatedly or causing a loop?
Use an Effect to synchronize with an external system, such as a subscription, timer, connection, or browser API. If there is no external system to synchronize, you may not need an Effect: calculate the value during render or handle the action in its event instead. See Synchronizing with Effects and You Might Not Need an Effect.
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- Check the dependency list. Include the reactive values used by the Effect. If a dependency changes after the Effect updates state, trace that cycle to find why it repeats.
- Match cleanup to setup. Undo subscriptions, timers, connections, and other setup in the cleanup function. Cleanup should leave the external system in the state it was in before setup.
- Interpret Strict Mode correctly. In development, Strict Mode probes Effects with an additional setup-and-cleanup cycle. Make the Effect safe to set up and clean up; do not add a “run once” ref to mask missing cleanup.
- Reproduce the original interaction. After changing the Effect, confirm that it synchronizes as intended and that the repeated update or leak is gone.
An Effect that works only when it runs once is often relying on incomplete cleanup or an incorrect dependency model. The goal is not to limit how often React checks it, but to make setup and cleanup correct.
How do I diagnose a child component crash?
A try/catch around a JSX return does not catch errors thrown later while React renders a child. Put an Error Boundary above the subtree that may fail so it can handle descendant render errors. The official error-boundaries guidance describes this limitation.
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Use the error message and stack trace to locate the failing descendant, then inspect its inputs and state in React Developer Tools. An Error Boundary is for render failures in its descendants; it is not a general-purpose catch for errors thrown in event handlers or external callbacks.
What if the bug started after enabling React Compiler?
If the runtime issue began after enabling React Compiler, first check for violations of the Rules of React rather than assuming the compiler itself is the cause. The official React Compiler debugging guide identifies unstable Effect dependencies and reliance on referential equality among patterns to investigate. Verify that the component’s assumptions about object identity remain valid and that render logic is pure.
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React debugging checklist
- Can you reproduce the issue with one clear interaction?
- What exact console message and stack trace appear?
- Are props or state being mutated, or is render performing side effects?
- Is the state update a new value, or is it
Object.is-equal to the current one? - Does each Effect synchronize with an external system, use the right dependencies, and clean up its setup?
- Is the failure in a descendant render, where an Error Boundary is appropriate?
- Does the same failure occur in production, or only during development checks?
Frequently Asked Questions
Where should I start when a React error has an unclear cause?
Reproduce the smallest failing interaction, then use the console stack trace to trace the error to a component or state setter.
Does React Developer Tools replace the browser console?
No. Use the console for errors and stack traces, and React Developer Tools to inspect components, props, state, and update performance.
Quick Recap
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