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Start a standalone Chrome container
Standalone is the simplest choice when one machine needs one Selenium browser service. It runs the browser and WebDriver server in the Selenium container; your Python process or other WebDriver client connects over HTTP. Selenium describes Standalone as limited to one machine. See the Selenium Grid getting started guide.
Choose a complete image tag from the Selenium Docker project rather than using latest. Selenium’s documentation recommends pinning the browser and Grid versions for repeatable environments. Tags and browser releases change, so choose a currently available tag that fits your project; the example below leaves the tag explicit rather than implying one release is right for everyone.
docker run --rm -d --name selenium-chrome
-p 4444:4444
--shm-size="2g"
selenium/standalone-chrome:<full-tag>Replace <full-tag> with the complete tag you selected. Selenium recommends --shm-size=2g for browser containers. This is a sizing recommendation, not a guarantee of stability: page complexity, concurrent sessions, host memory and CPU limits still matter. Chrome and ChromeDriver major versions must match.
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With this port mapping, a client running on the Docker host can use http://localhost:4444. If the client is another container on the same Compose network, connect to the Selenium service name on port 4444 instead. Keep the endpoint reachable only by the clients that need it.
Capture a viewport screenshot with Python
Install the Selenium Python binding in the environment where this client code runs. The code below opens a remote Chrome session, enables headless mode, navigates to a page and writes a PNG from the client process.
from pathlib import Path
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
output = Path("/artifacts/page.png")
output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
options = Options()
options.add_argument("--headless")
driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor="http://localhost:4444",
options=options,
)
try:
driver.get("https://example.com")
if not driver.save_screenshot(str(output)):
raise OSError(f"Could not write screenshot to {output}")
finally:
driver.quit()save_screenshot() captures the current browser window as a PNG and returns False if writing fails; Selenium advises using a full path. See the Selenium Python WebDriver API. The /artifacts path belongs to the machine or container running Python, not automatically to the browser container.
If Python itself runs in a disposable container and the image must persist, bind-mount an output directory into the client container or upload it through your CI system. Create the directory before capture, as the example does. Without a mount or artifact-upload step, a screenshot written inside a short-lived client container may disappear when that container is removed.
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Choose headless mode and screenshot dimensions
Use the flag supported by your pinned environment
Pass --headless through Chrome options. Chrome’s current documentation says headless and headful modes share Chrome code. Selenium’s Chrome documentation also lists --headless=new as a commonly used argument; use the form compatible with the Chrome version and Selenium bindings in your pinned image rather than assuming every historical example behaves identically. See Chrome Headless mode and Selenium’s Chrome browser documentation.
Since Chrome 132.0.6793.0, the old Headless implementation is available only as a separate chrome-headless-shell binary. Avoid relying on examples that assume the old implementation is built into ordinary Chrome unless that is specifically the runtime you intend to use.
Set the viewport deliberately
The basic WebDriver screenshot is of the current window, not automatically the entire page height. Decide the viewport size based on the layout you need to capture, then inspect the resulting PNG to confirm it matches. The Selenium Docker image documents SE_SCREEN_WIDTH and SE_SCREEN_HEIGHT as configurable screen dimensions. See the image documentation.
Do not treat a viewport screenshot as a full-page capture. Capturing content taller than the viewport requires a separate full-page technique; the save_screenshot() example above does not implement one.
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Choose the right Docker topology
One machine: Standalone
Use the single-container setup above for local development or a simple CI job with one machine. Publish port 4444 only to the network location where the client can reach it.
Several machines or independently scalable capacity: Grid
Use a Hub/Node or distributed Grid arrangement when browser sessions need to run across multiple machines, environments or separately managed capacity. Selenium explicitly warns that Grid must be protected from external access. Apply firewall and network controls, and do not expose an unprotected WebDriver endpoint publicly. The Selenium Grid documentation describes the available deployment modes and security considerations.
Keep screenshots repeatable and reliable
- Pin a complete image tag. This keeps browser and Grid versions from changing unexpectedly between runs; schedule deliberate updates so the pinned image can receive current fixes.
- Match Chrome and ChromeDriver major versions. A mismatch can prevent a session from starting.
- Allocate shared memory. Selenium recommends 2 GB for browser containers, but actual resource needs vary with pages, concurrency and host limits.
- Keep the output durable. The WebDriver client writes the file, so mount or upload the client-side output directory when the client runs in an ephemeral container.
- Check the capture result. Handle the boolean return value from
save_screenshot()and confirm the parent directory exists.
Troubleshoot common failures
Client cannot connect to WebDriver
Confirm the Selenium container is running and port 4444 is published if the client runs on the host. A client in another container should usually connect to the Selenium service name on the Docker network, not its own localhost.
Session creation fails with a browser or driver error
Check that the image tag is valid and that Chrome and ChromeDriver major versions match. Pin a complete tag and select a compatible runtime rather than mixing browser and driver versions.
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Screenshot file is missing or empty
Remember that the path is on the client machine/container. Ensure the parent directory exists, use an absolute path, check whether save_screenshot() returned False, and mount or upload the directory if the client container is temporary.
Layout differs from the expected image
Check the browser window dimensions and the image’s intended viewport. Configure the Selenium screen dimensions where appropriate, and do not expect the current-window screenshot method to include page content outside the viewport.
Browser is unstable under load
Use Selenium’s recommended shared-memory allocation as a starting point, then account for host CPU and memory, page weight and the number of concurrent sessions. The documented recommendation does not guarantee stability on every host.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does this Selenium example capture the full page?
No. It captures the current browser window; full-page capture needs a separate technique.
Where is the PNG saved?
On the filesystem of the process running the Selenium client, not automatically in the browser container.
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