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To keep Selenium screenshots from GitLab CI, save them inside the checked-out project (for example, screenshots/) and list that directory under the job’s artifacts:paths. Set artifacts:when: always to retain files after a failed job. If you also want a screenshot linked from a failed test’s details, upload JUnit XML with a GitLab attachment tag pointing to the image.
How to run Selenium screenshot tests in GitLab CI
The workflow has four parts: start a browser in the CI environment, write the screenshot to a project-relative path, upload that path as a job artifact, and optionally connect the image to a JUnit test report. GitLab stores and displays the files you upload; this setup does not automatically compare screenshots pixel by pixel.
- Configure Selenium and the intended browser for your runner, then navigate to the page under test.
- Create a screenshot directory under the checked-out project, such as
screenshots/. - Save the image there when a test fails, or at another point that is useful to your test workflow.
- Configure the GitLab job to upload the directory. Use
artifacts:when: alwayswhen screenshots must survive a failed job. - Optionally produce JUnit XML and link the image from a test’s
<system-out>using GitLab’s attachment syntax.
Selenium’s browser documentation shows WebDriver screenshot methods, including Python’s driver.save_screenshot('./image.png'). See Selenium: Working with windows and tabs.
Save a screenshot from a Selenium test
Python example
This minimal example creates the directory before writing. In a real test suite, put screenshot capture in the framework’s failure hook if you only want failure evidence, and configure the browser binary and driver for the runner image you use.
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from pathlib import Path
from selenium import webdriver
Path("screenshots").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.save_screenshot("screenshots/example.png")
finally:
driver.quit()Use a path under the project checkout, typically $CI_PROJECT_DIR. A relative path is resolved from the test process’s working directory, so confirm that the runner starts the test where you expect. If the test framework creates the directory itself, the explicit mkdir is optional.
Capture only when a test fails
Most test frameworks provide a teardown, fixture, or failure hook where you can check the test outcome and save the current browser state before quitting the driver. Keep that hook from masking the original test result: screenshot errors should be recorded, but should not turn a failing test into a successful one. The exact hook depends on the language and framework; Selenium’s capture call is the same once you have the active driver.
Upload screenshots as GitLab job artifacts
Add the image directory to the job’s artifacts:paths. Set when: always when the evidence matters even if the script exits unsuccessfully. GitLab’s artifact documentation covers viewing, downloading, access controls, and retention: Job artifacts.
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selenium_tests:
stage: test
script:
- python -m pytest
artifacts:
when: always
paths:
- screenshots/This YAML shows artifact wiring, not a complete browser installation. Add the dependencies, runner image, browser startup, and test configuration that your project needs. Artifact paths must match the files’ actual location beneath the project checkout; files outside the checkout are not included by this path.
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After the pipeline runs, open the job on the pipeline’s job details page and use its artifact browser or download the artifacts to inspect the images. Access and retention depend on your GitLab configuration and artifact settings. Review who can access artifacts if screenshots could expose credentials, personal data, or private application content.
Link screenshots from failed test details with JUnit
If your test framework writes JUnit XML, GitLab can make an image path available from the test’s failure details. Include the attachment tag in that test case’s <system-out>, and upload both the report and the screenshot directory:
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<testcase name="test_example" classname="ExampleTests">
<failure message="Expected result was not visible" />
<system-out>[[ATTACHMENT|screenshots/failure.png]]</system-out>
</testcase>selenium_tests:
stage: test
script:
- python -m pytest --junitxml=junit.xml
artifacts:
when: always
paths:
- screenshots/
- junit.xml
reports:
junit: junit.xmlThe attachment path is relative to $CI_PROJECT_DIR; make it match the uploaded image path. The framework must actually generate the XML and the screenshot. GitLab’s instructions are in Unit test reports.
JUnit reports display test results but do not set the job’s success or failure status. GitLab states: “Unit test reports require the JUnit XML format and do not affect job status.” Your test command must therefore exit non-zero when tests fail; do not swallow that exit status while saving screenshots.
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Browser in the test job
Starting the browser in the test job keeps the browser and test process together and is often the simplest arrangement for a small suite. You still need a compatible browser, driver, and runner configuration. Pin the relevant image and browser versions in the project so an environment change does not silently alter rendering.
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Remote Selenium service or Grid
A remote WebDriver endpoint or Selenium Grid can support execution across machines and browsers, but it adds endpoint availability, networking, and configuration concerns. Selenium describes Grid as a way to scale execution across multiple machines and browsers: Selenium documentation. GitLab’s example repository illustrates a Selenium service endpoint and notes that a service container cannot treat the job container’s localhost as its own: gitlab-selenium-server.
Choose based on the browser and operating-system coverage you need, runner networking, concurrency, reproducibility, and where screenshots and logs should be retained. Neither a local browser nor Grid is universally best; the endpoint must be reachable from the test process, and the browser environment must be able to reach the application under test.
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Diagnose failures
Inspect the screenshot alongside the test exception and browser state. The visible page can reveal a failed navigation, unexpected modal, incomplete load, or layout problem that an exception message alone does not explain. GitLab’s testing guide recommends using screenshots as part of failure diagnosis: Testing best practices. Save relevant logs or test output alongside images when useful, but do not put secrets in artifacts.
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Keep visual runs comparable
For meaningful comparisons between runs, hold the browser version and viewport dimensions stable. Selenium’s documentation covers browser window sizing; actual page rendering can change with the window dimensions. Also consider stabilizing test data, fonts, animations, and time-dependent content in your own test design. These are project-level practices, not automatic GitLab or Selenium visual-diff features; the cited documentation does not prescribe a universal pixel-diff library, tolerance, or baseline policy.
Troubleshoot missing or unhelpful screenshots
- No screenshot appears in the job: Check that the test wrote the image under the checked-out project and that the relative path matches
artifacts:paths. Confirm the directory exists before capture and inspect the runner’s working directory. - Screenshots are present only on successful runs: Check that the job has
artifacts:when: always. Also confirm that the test command’s failure exit status is preserved. - The JUnit test has no clickable image: Verify that the JUnit report is uploaded with
artifacts:reports:junit, the image itself is included underartifacts:paths, and the attachment tag uses the correct project-relative path. - The job passes even though a test failed: JUnit display does not determine job status. Make sure the test command returns non-zero on failure and that wrapper scripts or cleanup code do not replace that status.
- Remote browser cannot reach the app: Check the URL from the browser service’s network context. In particular, a service container’s
localhostis not the job container’slocalhost; use an address reachable from the browser service. - Images differ unexpectedly between runs: Compare viewport and browser versions first, then check for changing data, animation, fonts, and time-dependent content.
- The screenshot itself is empty or shows the wrong page: Inspect the captured browser state and test output, and verify the navigation and timing conditions before capture. A screenshot records the current browsing context, not an assertion that the page reached the intended state.
Or skip the browser setup
If you need a screenshot of a public URL rather than evidence from the same Selenium session that just ran your test, ScreenshotNeo offers a one-request screenshot API. It cannot replace a Selenium test that must interact with your application or capture its exact authenticated browser state.
cURL:
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webpSee the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options. ScreenshotNeo removes cookie banners, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; bot checks, blank pages, and failed loads are never billed. Its MCP server lets AI agents take screenshots. The Free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000. Learn more at ScreenshotNeo.
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Further GitLab CI testing guidance
GitLab’s broader testing documentation describes test reports and CI testing workflows: Test with GitLab CI/CD. GitLab’s documentation is living documentation, so check the current instructions for your GitLab version, runner executor, and browser setup when implementing the job.
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