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Write a minimal JUnit test
Here is a small test for a Calculator class with an add method:
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
class CalculatorTest {
@Test
void addsTwoNumbers() {
Calculator calculator = new Calculator();
assertEquals(2, calculator.add(1, 1));
}
}The test method creates the object, calls the behavior under test, and checks the result. The class containing the method is named CalculatorTest by convention; the key requirement is that the project’s configured test runner can discover it.
What the assertion does
assertEquals(expected, actual) passes when the actual value equals the expected value and fails the test otherwise. Put the expected value first and the value produced by the code second. Choose an assertion that expresses the behavior you mean to verify, such as equality for a returned value or a truth check for a condition.
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Place the test in the project and add JUnit
Keep test code in the test source set rather than mixing it into application code. Common layouts are src/test/java for Gradle and Maven projects, alongside production code in src/main/java. A project can customize these paths, so follow its existing build configuration.
JUnit 5 has three related parts: Jupiter is the programming and extension model used for modern tests; the JUnit Platform discovers and runs test engines; Vintage allows the Platform to run JUnit 3 and JUnit 4 tests. A Jupiter test needs the Jupiter API at compile time and a Jupiter engine at test runtime. The JUnit 5.12.0 guide documents Java 8 or later as its runtime requirement; check the compatibility information for the JUnit release and Java version selected by your project.
Gradle dependency alignment
The JUnit 5.12.0 guide recommends using the JUnit BOM to align JUnit artifact versions unless a framework such as Spring Boot already manages those dependencies. Use the release and syntax appropriate to the project rather than copying an old version from an unrelated tutorial. Consult the JUnit 5.12.0 User Guide for its dependency and build support details.
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Enable the JUnit Platform in Gradle
For a Gradle Groovy build script, the test task needs Platform execution enabled:
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test {
useJUnitPlatform()
}In the Kotlin DSL, use the corresponding Kotlin syntax in the project’s build.gradle.kts; consult the versioned guide rather than pasting Groovy syntax into a Kotlin build file. The Platform setting matters because otherwise a Gradle test task may not discover Jupiter tests even if the test source compiles.
Maven projects
For Maven, start from the official JUnit starter project and inspect the project’s Surefire configuration and dependencies. Maven plugin coordinates and defaults are version-sensitive, so avoid copying configuration from an older article without checking it against your project and the current JUnit documentation.
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Use setup and cleanup only when tests need them
JUnit Jupiter offers lifecycle methods for work that should happen around test methods:
@BeforeEachruns before each test method, useful for creating fresh test data or objects.@AfterEachruns after each test method, useful for releasing resources or restoring state.@BeforeAlland@AfterAllrun once for the test class, for genuinely shared class-level setup or cleanup. Their method and static requirements depend on the lifecycle configuration described in the JUnit guide.
Prefer per-test setup when isolation matters. Shared setup can reduce repeated work, but mutable shared state can make tests depend on execution order or interfere with one another.
Test several inputs with a parameterized test
Parameterized tests reuse one test method with different arguments. The JUnit User Guide puts it plainly: “Parameterized tests make it possible to run a test method multiple times with different arguments.” A parameterized test needs an argument source and the junit-jupiter-params artifact.
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import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;
class GreetingTest {
@ParameterizedTest
@ValueSource(strings = {"Ada", "Linus"})
void createsGreeting(String name) {
assertEquals("Hello, " + name, Greeting.messageFor(name));
}
}This example uses @ValueSource to supply string arguments. Add the parameters artifact at a version aligned with the rest of JUnit. For multiple values or more involved cases, use an argument source suited to the data; keep each case focused on a behavior the test is intended to protect.
Run tests from your IDE, build tool, or console
| Run path | Best fit | What to expect |
|---|---|---|
| IDE | Running one test while editing | Use the IDE’s test gutter action or test-run command. The IDE must support the project’s JUnit version and use the configured test dependencies. |
| Build tool | Repeatable project runs and CI | Run the project’s Gradle or Maven test task. This uses the build configuration that teammates and automation can share. |
| JUnit Console Launcher | Running Platform tests outside an IDE | The official Console Launcher is a fallback when an editor does not provide JUnit Platform support; it still needs the relevant test classes and engines on its classpath. |
Run with Gradle
After adding the dependencies and useJUnitPlatform() configuration, invoke the project’s test task through the wrapper from the repository root: ./gradlew test on macOS or Linux, or gradlew.bat test on Windows. The IDE can also run the same Gradle task. A successful run reports the tests executed; a failing assertion identifies the test and shows the expected and actual values.
Run with Maven
Invoke the configured Maven test lifecycle from the project root with ./mvnw test (or the project’s Maven wrapper command on Windows). Use the wrapper when the repository provides one so the project’s declared Maven version is used. If a test compiles but does not execute, verify that the project’s Surefire setup and JUnit engine support match the selected JUnit release.
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Troubleshoot tests that do not run
- No tests are found: Confirm the test is under the configured test source set and that the class and method are discoverable by the project’s runner. Check the build task configuration and the IDE’s selected test runner.
- Jupiter annotations are not recognized: Verify that the Jupiter API dependency is present and that imports use
org.junit.jupiter.api.Test. JUnit 4 uses a differentorg.junit.Testannotation; do not mix the two in the introductory Jupiter test. - Tests compile but are skipped or undiscovered: Ensure the Jupiter engine is available at test runtime. With Gradle, confirm
useJUnitPlatform()is configured inside thetesttask. With Maven, inspect the project’s Surefire configuration for compatibility with its JUnit setup. - Legacy tests stop running after a migration: JUnit 4 tests need a JUnit 4-compatible runner or the Vintage engine on the JUnit Platform. Add Vintage only when the project actually needs to run legacy tests alongside Jupiter tests.
- Parameterized annotations are missing: Add the
junit-jupiter-paramsartifact aligned with the project’s JUnit version, and ensure the test uses an argument-source annotation. - A test passes alone but fails in a suite: Look for shared mutable state, order assumptions, or resources not cleaned up after each test. Use lifecycle methods to isolate setup and cleanup where appropriate.
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Further reading
JUnit in Action, Third Edition is supplementary reading published in November 2020, with material on JUnit 5, nested and parameterized testing, and Maven and Gradle integration. For release-sensitive details, use the current official JUnit guide.
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