The Tool Desk
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Choose the right URL-decoding function
| Input or goal | Function | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| A percent-encoded component, such as a path segment | unquote() |
Replaces percent escapes such as %20 with their decoded text. A plus sign stays a plus sign. |
| A form-style encoded value | unquote_plus() |
Decodes percent escapes and changes + to a space. |
| Query parameters as a mapping | parse_qs() |
Parses a complete query string into a dictionary; each parameter name maps to a list of values. |
| Query parameters as ordered pairs | parse_qsl() |
Parses a complete query string into a list of name/value pairs. |
| Decoded data as bytes | unquote_to_bytes() |
Replaces percent escapes with octets and returns bytes. |
Python documents parse_qs() and parse_qsl() as the query-string parsing functions for turning encoded query data into Python data structures. See the Python 3.14 urllib.parse reference.
Decode a percent-encoded component with unquote()
Import unquote from urllib.parse and pass the encoded component:
from urllib.parse import unquote
value = unquote("/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/")
print(value) # /El Niño/
unquote() replaces percent escapes but does not interpret + as a space. That makes it appropriate for ordinary component data when a plus sign should remain literal.
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Decode form-style values with unquote_plus()
In form-style encoded data, a plus sign represents a space. Use unquote_plus() when the value follows that convention:
from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
value = unquote_plus("name=Ada+Lovelace")
print(value) # name=Ada Lovelace
Do not use it for arbitrary URL component data without checking the format: it changes every plus sign into a space.
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Parse a complete query string
Use parse_qs() for a mapping
A query string can contain multiple named parameters and repeated names. Parse it instead of calling a component decoder on the entire string:
from urllib.parse import parse_qs
params = parse_qs("name=Ada+Lovelace&tag=python")
print(params) # {'name': ['Ada Lovelace'], 'tag': ['python']}
The values are lists, so a repeated parameter can be represented without discarding its additional values.
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Use parse_qsl() when pair order matters
If your code needs the parameters as an ordered sequence of name/value pairs, use parse_qsl():
from urllib.parse import parse_qsl
pairs = parse_qsl("name=Ada+Lovelace&tag=python")
print(pairs) # [('name', 'Ada Lovelace'), ('tag', 'python')]
These functions parse the query portion; they are not substitutes for parsing a full URL into its components.
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Get decoded octets with unquote_to_bytes()
When the next step needs bytes rather than decoded text, use unquote_to_bytes():
from urllib.parse import unquote_to_bytes
data = unquote_to_bytes("caf%C3%A9")
print(data) # b'cafxc3xa9'
If its input is a string containing unescaped non-ASCII characters, Python encodes those characters as UTF-8 bytes. Choose this function when your data handling requires octets; use unquote() when you want text.
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Text encoding, errors, and Python versions
For unquote(), the documented defaults are UTF-8 for text decoding and errors='replace'. Invalid byte sequences are replaced rather than necessarily causing an exception. You can specify a different encoding or errors policy when your input format requires it:
from urllib.parse import unquote
value = unquote("caf%C3%A9", encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")
The current Python 3.14 reference notes that unquote() accepted only str before Python 3.9; support for bytes input was added in Python 3.9. Check the documentation for your Python version if code must run on older interpreters.
Common mistakes and fixes
- Plus signs unexpectedly become spaces: You used
unquote_plus()on data where+is literal. Useunquote()for ordinary percent-encoded components. - A plus sign remains instead of becoming a space: The input is form-style data, but you used
unquote(). Useunquote_plus()or parse the query withparse_qs()orparse_qsl(). - You received a dictionary of lists instead of single values: That is the result shape of
parse_qs(). Handle each list, or useparse_qsl()if a list of pairs suits the task. - Decoded text contains replacement characters: The default error policy is
replace. Check whether the input uses the expected character encoding; if appropriate, choose an explicit encoding and error policy. - Data changes after decoding twice: Avoid repeated decoding. A percent escape can be intentional data, and another decoding pass can transform it.
- Decoded input seems valid but is unsafe: Decoding and parsing are not validation. Apply the checks and safety rules your application requires before trusting or using parsed components.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does unquote() decode a whole URL?
It replaces percent escapes in the string you pass; it does not parse a full URL into its scheme, host, path, and query components.
Why does unquote_plus() turn + into a space?
It is intended for form-style encoded data, where plus signs represent spaces. For ordinary component data, use unquote() if plus signs should stay literal.
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