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Use TestNG’s priority to schedule otherwise independent test methods in a deliberate order: lower numbers run first. Use groups to choose a smaller smoke or confidence run, and dependencies only when one test genuinely needs another to succeed. These mechanisms solve different problems; none is a built-in risk-ranking system. Selenium recommends that tests be runnable in any order, so prioritize feedback without making browser tests depend on hidden state.
Choose the right mechanism for the goal
| Goal | Use | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Schedule independent methods in a chosen order | priority |
Lower numeric priorities are scheduled first; this is ordering, not a measure of business importance. |
| Make a test contingent on another test’s successful result | dependsOnMethods or dependsOnGroups |
The prerequisite runs first; with a hard dependency, the dependent method is skipped if the prerequisite fails. |
| Run a selected subset, such as smoke tests | Groups and suite or command-line selection | Choose which labeled tests enter the run; the team defines the labels. |
| Reduce wall-clock duration | TestNG parallel execution | Runs work at a selected scope concurrently; this is a throughput choice, not a way to rank importance. |
TestNG documents these annotation and execution options in its official documentation. Selenium’s guidance is to make tests independent of execution order: “Your tests should be able to run in any order, and not rely on other tests to complete in order to be successful.” See Selenium’s test-dependency guidance.
Schedule independent tests with priority
Set priority on TestNG’s @Test annotation. Smaller values run before larger values. Use a small, documented ordering when earlier feedback is useful, and do not use it to conceal a test that relies on another test’s browser session, data, or side effects.
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class CheckoutTests {
@Test(priority = 0)
public void checkoutSmokeTest() {
// Create the data and browser state this test needs.
}
@Test(priority = 10)
public void checkoutAddressValidationTest() {
// This test should establish its own preconditions.
}
@Test(priority = 20)
public void checkoutPromotionRegressionTest() {
// This test should also be runnable on its own.
}
}The numbers represent scheduling order only. TestNG does not infer that checkout is more important than another feature, or that a particular method has greater regression value. If ordering is not a real requirement, omit priorities and keep tests order-independent.
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Use dependencies only for real prerequisites
Use dependsOnMethods or dependsOnGroups when the later method truly requires a prior method’s result or state. A hard dependency makes the dependent method contingent on prerequisite success; it can therefore produce a skip rather than an independent test failure. For Selenium suites, first consider having each browser test create and clean up its own data. If the intended behavior is one inseparable workflow, a single end-to-end scenario may express it more clearly than several coupled tests.
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class AccountTests {
@Test
public void createAccount() {
// Create an account needed by the next method.
}
@Test(dependsOnMethods = "createAccount")
public void updateAccountProfile() {
// Runs only after createAccount succeeds.
}
}TestNG also supports alwaysRun = true for a soft dependency: the dependent method can run after the dependency even when it failed. Use this only when order matters but prerequisite success does not. It does not make missing state or failed setup safe; the dependent method still needs a valid way to proceed.
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Select smoke and regression runs with groups
Groups control membership in a run rather than the order in which independent tests execute. Define labels that your team can maintain—for example, a quick confidence set and a broader regression set—then include or exclude them in suite XML or select them from the command line. Group names are project conventions, not built-in risk categories.
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class SearchTests {
@Test(groups = {"smoke"})
public void searchPageLoads() {
// Fast check suitable for the smoke set.
}
@Test(groups = {"regression"})
public void searchFiltersWork() {
// Broader behavior check.
}
}A minimal testng.xml that selects smoke tests can look like this:
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<suite name="Quick checks">
<test name="Smoke">
<groups>
<run>
<include name="smoke"/>
</run>
</groups>
<classes>
<class name="example.SearchTests"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>TestNG’s command-line options include -groups and -excludegroups; it also documents method selection with -methods. Consult the TestNG documentation for the exact invocation appropriate to your project’s runner and configuration.
Do not treat XML order as a dependency design
In the documented suite-configuration context, TestNG runs methods in XML order by default. Setting preserve-order to false makes listed classes and methods run in an unpredictable order. XML order can help organize a suite, but it is not a robust substitute for independent tests or an explicit prerequisite: a test that only passes after another test has left state behind remains order-coupled.
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Use parallel execution for elapsed time, not importance
TestNG supports methods, tests, classes, and instances parallel modes, along with a thread-count setting. Pick a scope that matches how your browser sessions and test data are isolated. Parallelism can shorten elapsed time when work can safely overlap, but a higher thread count does not make tests more important or ensure that a particular test runs first.
parallel="methods"runs methods in separate threads; dependent methods still respect dependency order.parallel="tests"keeps methods within a given<test>tag on one thread while separate<test>tags can run on separate threads.- Class and instance modes group execution differently; choose them based on the boundaries where state is safe to share.
Before enabling concurrency, check whether each test has an isolated WebDriver session, independent test data, and safe access to application state. See TestNG’s parallel-execution documentation for configuration details.
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Make risk-based priority an explicit team policy
TestNG provides scheduling, selection, dependency, and parallel-execution mechanisms; it does not prescribe a universal formula for which test matters most. If your team wants risk-based ordering, define the policy outside the annotation—for example, by considering business impact, changed areas, historical failures, and runtime—and document how those signals affect the early run. Treat any weights or score as a local heuristic, not a TestNG feature. Keep selection labels understandable so teams can maintain them as the application changes.
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Troubleshooting prioritization behavior
- A dependent test is skipped: Check whether its prerequisite failed. A hard dependency skips the dependent method after failure; use an independent setup or a soft dependency only if the later method can validly run without prerequisite success.
- A test passes alone but fails in the suite: Look for shared browser state, reused data, or implicit ordering. Make the test establish its own preconditions and clean up its own state where feasible.
- The selected run contains too many or too few tests: Verify the group annotation spelling and the included or excluded group names in suite XML or command-line selection.
- Parallel runs become unreliable: Reduce concurrency or change the parallel scope until WebDriver sessions, data, and application state are isolated. More threads are not a substitute for thread-safe setup.
- XML ordering does not produce the expected order: Confirm the suite configuration and ordering behavior for your setup; use priority for deliberate scheduling or an explicit dependency for a genuine prerequisite, rather than relying on incidental listing order.
Check documentation for your pinned TestNG version
Syntax and behavior should be checked against the TestNG version your project actually pins; no release-specific compatibility claim is made here. The official TestNG book table of contents links to material on groups, dependencies, and parallel execution. Selenium’s independence principle remains a useful design check when deciding whether an apparent ordering need is actually a state dependency.
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