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Set up a Playwright Test project
Playwright Test is an end-to-end testing framework with a test runner, assertions, test isolation, parallelization, and debugging tools. It supports Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit on Windows, Linux, and macOS, and can run locally or in CI in headed or headless mode. See the official installation guide for current setup details.
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From your project directory, run
npm init playwright@latest. The initializer can create a project or add Playwright to an existing npm project. -
Answer the prompts to choose JavaScript or TypeScript, the test directory, whether to add a GitHub Actions workflow, and whether to install browser binaries.
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If you did not install browsers during initialization, run
npx playwright install. On CI or a system that also needs operating-system packages, usenpx playwright install --with-deps.
The scaffold includes playwright.config.ts and an example test. Each Playwright package version expects corresponding browser binaries; after upgrading Playwright, rerun the browser installation command. Browser versions and system requirements can change, so check the browser documentation for your installed version: Playwright browsers.
Write a first website test
A useful end-to-end test follows a user journey: navigate to a page, find a meaningful control, interact with it, and assert the resulting state. For example, this TypeScript test opens the Playwright site, selects its “Get started” link, and checks that the Installation heading appears:
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test('opens the installation page', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('https://playwright.dev/');
await page.getByRole('link', { name: 'Get started' }).click();
await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Installation' })).toBeVisible();
});Playwright actions wait for actionability checks, and its async assertions retry while waiting for the expected condition. Prefer assertions that express the result you care about, such as toHaveTitle, toHaveURL, or toBeVisible. Fixed sleeps often make tests slower and less reliable when an assertion can wait for the real condition instead. See Writing tests.
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Choose locators that survive interface changes
Locators identify elements and underpin Playwright’s auto-waiting and retry behavior. Prefer selectors that describe the page as a user encounters it, rather than brittle implementation details.
page.getByRole()for buttons, links, headings, and other accessible roles.page.getByLabel()for labeled form controls.page.getByText()for visible text.page.getByPlaceholder()for fields identified by placeholder text.page.getByTestId()when your team deliberately maintains a test-ID contract.
Use UI mode or the Playwright Inspector to explore candidate locators, then keep the one whose meaning is clearest and most stable for the test. The locator guide explains the available choices.
Choose browser and device coverage
A Playwright project is a logical group of tests that shares configuration. Projects let the same tests run with different browsers or devices, or let you group tests by environment, timeout, retries, or test selection. The documented options include Chromium, Firefox, WebKit, branded Chrome and Edge channels, and emulated mobile and tablet devices. See Test projects and Browsers.
Match coverage to the browsers and devices your site supports and to the risk you are testing. A practical starting point is one browser for fast feedback, then additional browser engines or mobile emulation where your audience or product behavior makes them relevant. Running every configuration on every change may increase CI time and resource use; projects make it possible to choose a deliberate balance.
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Run and debug tests locally
Run all configured tests from the project directory with:
npx playwright testTests run headless by default. Use --project to select a configured project, --headed to watch a browser window, or interactive UI mode to explore a run:
npx playwright test --project=chromium
npx playwright test --headed
npx playwright test --uiAfter a run, open the HTML report with npx playwright show-report. UI mode and the Inspector help you inspect test steps, page state, and locator choices. See Running and debugging tests.
Run Playwright in CI and preserve failure evidence
A CI job needs the application’s dependencies, Playwright’s browser binaries and any required operating-system dependencies, followed by the test command. The Playwright CI guide recommends one worker as a stability-oriented default; sharding across jobs is another way to distribute work, and parallel workers can suit self-hosted systems with adequate resources. Choose based on the capacity of your pipeline and the behavior of your tests rather than assuming one worker setting is optimal everywhere. The guide includes a GitHub Actions example that uploads the HTML report as an artifact: Continuous Integration.
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To retain a trace on a test’s first retry, configure retries and tracing in playwright.config.ts:
import { defineConfig } from '@playwright/test';
export default defineConfig({
retries: 1,
use: { trace: 'on-first-retry' },
});Open a saved trace with npx playwright show-trace path/to/trace.zip, or open it from the HTML report. Trace Viewer provides a graphical view of what happened during a test, which can be especially useful when diagnosing CI failures from more than a terminal error alone. See Trace Viewer.
Troubleshoot common setup and test failures
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Browser executable or launch errors: the browser binaries may be missing or may not match the installed Playwright version. Run
npx playwright installagain after installing or upgrading Playwright. On a CI image that also lacks required system packages, usenpx playwright install --with-deps. -
A locator times out: confirm the element is present in the current page state and that the locator describes the intended accessible role, label, or text. Use UI mode or Inspector to inspect the page and refine the locator; avoid replacing a meaningful locator with an arbitrary sleep.
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A test passes locally but fails in CI: inspect the HTML report and, if configured, the trace from the first retry. Check that CI installs the application’s dependencies and matching Playwright browsers, and consider whether worker concurrency is creating resource contention.
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A run is slower than expected: first run only the relevant project or test while debugging. For the full pipeline, balance browser/device coverage and worker or shard choices against available CI resources; more parallel work is not automatically more reliable.
Or skip the browser setup
If your immediate need is a website image rather than an interactive test, ScreenshotNeo can return a screenshot or PDF with one GET request. It is a screenshot API and MCP server, not a replacement for Playwright’s end-to-end assertions or browser interaction tests. For API parameters and response details, see the ScreenshotNeo documentation.
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://playwright.dev/ -o shot.webpScreenshotNeo removes cookie banners, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each step can be turned off. Bot checks/CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and the response identifies the page verdict and billing status in headers. Its MCP server offers take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf for Claude, Cursor, and other MCP clients. The free plan includes 1,000 shots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can Playwright test a website without a separate browser-driver installation?
Playwright uses browser binaries installed for the Playwright package version; install them with npx playwright install.
Can I use Playwright for visual checks instead of user-journey tests?
Yes, but a screenshot capture service such as ScreenshotNeo is a different tool: it captures images or PDFs and does not replace Playwright’s interaction and assertion workflow.
Quick Recap
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