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If Hindi text appears as empty boxes or malformed characters in Java Selenium screenshots on Linux, first check that the Linux environment running Chrome has a Devanagari-capable font and can resolve it. Selenium drives the browser; it does not provide font files. If you control the page CSS, specify a Devanagari-aware font stack, then retest in the same container or CI runtime that takes the screenshot.
Why Hindi text can disappear in a screenshot
A screenshot records the browser’s rendered page. If Chrome cannot find a font with the glyphs needed for Devanagari, the output may contain empty squares, substituted glyphs, or inconsistent text. The relevant font inventory is the one visible to the Chrome process—not necessarily the developer workstation or the machine that built the container.
Font selection also depends on CSS fallback. A page may request a family that lacks a particular character; the browser then tries later families in the stack. Noto’s web guidance explains this fallback behavior and recommends script-specific Devanagari families alongside general Noto families for punctuation and digits (Noto Fonts: Use Noto fonts on the web).
Use an explicit Devanagari font stack when you control the page
Sans-serif styling
Use a script-specific family first, followed by its general family and a generic fallback:
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font-family: 'Noto Sans Devanagari', 'Noto Sans', sans-serif;
Serif styling
For serif text, use the corresponding serif families:
font-family: 'Noto Serif Devanagari', 'Noto Serif', serif;
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These stacks only work if the requested fonts are available to the browser, either from the page or from the runtime’s installed fonts. If you cannot change the website CSS, ensure an appropriate font is available through the Linux environment’s font mechanism. A web-served font can help only if the page successfully loads and applies it.
Retest the actual characters used by your site: include conjuncts, vowel marks, punctuation, and digits where relevant. If only some characters remain wrong, check whether the fallback family covers those characters as well as the letters.
Diagnose the environment that actually captures the page
- Record the runtime: note the Linux distribution or container base image, Chrome or Chromium version, Selenium version, ChromeDriver version, and whether the session is headless.
- Check font availability inside that runtime: inspect installed fonts and fontconfig resolution in the same container or host that runs Chrome. Do not rely only on a workstation check performed outside the container.
- Test a minimal page: render a short, known Hindi sample using the intended CSS stack. If that works but the target site does not, investigate the site’s CSS, loaded web fonts, and page state rather than assuming Selenium is the cause.
- Change one variable at a time: add or expose a Devanagari-capable font, adjust the CSS family stack, or update the image; then capture the same sample at the same viewport.
- Check automation compatibility separately: Selenium’s Chrome documentation says Selenium 4 is compatible with Chrome 75 and greater by default and advises matching the Chrome and ChromeDriver major versions. That compatibility check does not install fonts or fix missing glyphs (Selenium: Chrome specific functionality).
Account for differences between Linux browser builds
Chromium source changes dated March 4, 2026 added Linux default family mappings for Devanagari: Noto Sans Devanagari for standard and sans-serif mappings, Noto Serif Devanagari for serif, and Noto Sans Mono for fixed-width text (Chromium source change: Add default font family mappings for Devanagari). This is a change at that source revision; do not assume it is present in every distribution package, older browser build, or container image. The fonts must still be available to the runtime.
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Chromium’s Linux font-fallback test data uses mock fontconfig and test fonts; its Hindi sample resolves to Lohit Devanagari in that test setup (Chromium font fallback test data). That test result describes the test environment, not a universal production configuration or a requirement to install Lohit.
Compare headed and headless captures carefully
Chrome supports headless rendering and screenshot capture. If you suspect a mode-specific difference, compare headed and headless output using the same browser build, fonts, page state, and viewport. This is a diagnostic comparison, not evidence that headless Chrome inherently breaks Hindi text.
For command-line diagnosis, Chrome documents screenshot capture with --screenshot and viewport control with --window-size. Use the same setup for both modes where possible; Java Selenium can also configure Chrome through ChromeOptions (Chrome for Developers: New Headless in Selenium-WebDriver; Selenium: Chrome specific functionality).
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Java Selenium capture example
This example fixes the viewport and captures a page with Chrome. It does not install fonts: make sure a Devanagari-capable font is available in the Linux runtime first. Change the target URL and viewport to match the page you are diagnosing.
import java.io.File;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
public class HindiScreenshot {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless=new");
options.addArguments("--window-size=1365,900");
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
try {
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(60));
driver.get("https://example.com");
new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(20))
.until(d -> ((String) ((org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor) d)
.executeScript("return document.readyState")).equals("complete"));
File screenshot = driver.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
Files.copy(screenshot.toPath(), Path.of("hindi-page.png"));
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}Use a page that actually contains the Hindi text you need to inspect; example.com is only a replaceable placeholder. For pages that load fonts or content after the document is complete, wait for the relevant selector or a page-specific readiness condition before capturing.
Troubleshoot by symptom
| Symptom | Likely check | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| All Hindi characters appear as empty boxes | The Chrome runtime may have no usable Devanagari font or may not resolve one. | Check font inventory and fallback inside the runtime; add or serve a suitable font and capture again. |
| Some letters render, but marks, conjuncts, punctuation, or digits do not | The selected family may not cover every character in the sample. | Test the complete text and include a general-script fallback after the Devanagari family. |
| A minimal page renders correctly but the real site does not | Site CSS, web-font loading, or page readiness may differ. | Inspect computed styles and font requests; wait for the page’s actual content and font-loading condition before taking the screenshot. |
| Local capture works but CI or container capture fails | The browser process may see a different font inventory in CI. | Check and provision fonts in the image or runtime used by the job, then repeat the same sample capture there. |
| Chrome fails to start or automation is unreliable | Browser and driver compatibility may be wrong, independently of font rendering. | Align Chrome and ChromeDriver major versions and verify the Selenium/Chrome configuration against Selenium’s Chrome documentation. |
| Headless and headed images differ | Compare whether fonts, viewport, browser version, and page state really match. | Hold those variables constant and isolate the difference; do not assume headless mode alone is the cause. |
Or skip the browser setup
If you want a screenshot API rather than maintaining browser infrastructure, ScreenshotNeo takes website screenshots through one GET request and returns an image or PDF. Its documented API options include viewport and device presets, full-page capture, waiting for a selector or delay, and custom CSS or JavaScript. The page’s fonts still need to load and render correctly for the resulting image to show Hindi properly.
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For a direct API call, see the ScreenshotNeo API documentation. Replace the target URL with your page and supply your API key:
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does installing Selenium fix missing Hindi characters?
No. Selenium controls the browser; Devanagari rendering depends on the fonts Chrome can access and the page’s font fallback.
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The cited Chrome documentation supports headless screenshots but does not establish that headless mode inherently breaks Devanagari. Compare modes with the same fonts, browser version, page state, and viewport.
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