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For a new service, use ASP.NET Core Web API: it supports RESTful APIs built with controllers or Minimal APIs. Use ASP.NET Web API 2 only when maintaining an existing .NET Framework application; its Visual Studio 2017 tutorial is legacy guidance, not the default setup for a new project.
Choose the right ASP.NET Web API generation
| Option | Best fit | Controller base | API styles covered by Microsoft’s guidance |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASP.NET Web API 2 | Maintaining an existing .NET Framework application | ApiController |
The cited guide covers controllers |
| ASP.NET Core Web API | Developing a new service on the current ASP.NET Core stack | ControllerBase |
Controllers and Minimal APIs |
Microsoft’s current overview says, “ASP.NET Core supports creating RESTful services, also known as web APIs, using C#.” See Create web APIs with ASP.NET Core. This article follows the controller approach because it maps directly to the title’s Web API framing; Minimal APIs are also a supported choice.
Develop a controller-based service with ASP.NET Core
Follow Microsoft’s current Create a web API with ASP.NET Core tutorial for project setup and its current template and SDK prerequisites. The example below illustrates the essential resource-and-route structure rather than substituting for the tutorial’s complete project.
1. Model a resource and its data
Represent the thing your API exposes as a model, then connect it to a data context. Microsoft’s controller tutorial demonstrates this with a database context. Its sample uses an in-memory database, so data does not persist after the application restarts; use a suitable persistent data source when the service must retain changes.
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2. Add a controller for API requests
For an API controller, derive from ControllerBase. It contains request-handling behavior for APIs; the MVC Controller class adds view support, which an API that returns data rather than views generally does not need. See Microsoft’s API overview.
3. Map HTTP methods to resource operations
Use explicit route and HTTP-method attributes to connect requests to actions. A route placeholder such as {id} represents a value supplied in the URL. A typical resource shape has a collection route and an item route:
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GET /api/productsretrieves the collection.GET /api/products/{id}retrieves one item.POST /api/productscreates an item.PUT /api/products/{id}updates an item.DELETE /api/products/{id}removes an item.
These are the collection and item operations demonstrated in Microsoft’s controller tutorial. The attributes make the request-to-action mapping explicit; the route identifies the resource, while the HTTP method expresses the operation.
4. Return an appropriate result when an item is missing
When an item lookup finds no matching record, return a not-found response rather than treating the request as a successful retrieval. The Microsoft tutorial demonstrates this behavior for an item route. Apply the same distinction when implementing other operations: a request for a resource that does not exist should not be presented as though it succeeded.
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Maintain an existing ASP.NET Web API 2 application
ASP.NET Web API 2 is the older framework built on .NET Framework. Microsoft’s Get Started with ASP.NET Web API 2 (C#) describes a Visual Studio 2017 project, a Web API project reference, a model, and a controller derived from ApiController. The page was updated on September 29, 2022, and the tutorial itself directs readers to a newer ASP.NET Core version.
In that legacy tutorial, GetAllProducts maps to /api/products, while GetProduct maps to /api/products/{id}; a missing product returns not found. Its introductory sample stores products in a fixed in-controller array for demonstration. Microsoft recommends querying a database or another external data source for a real application. Do not copy the Visual Studio 2017 and Web API 2 setup as the starting point for a new ASP.NET Core service.
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