The Tool Desk
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1. Build a structure screen readers can navigate
Screen readers expose information from a page’s programmatic structure, not just its visual appearance. Use HTML elements according to their meaning: headings for headings, buttons for actions, links for navigation, and landmarks for major page regions. A styled <div> that looks like a heading does not provide heading navigation by itself.
Use headings to show the content outline
Mark visible section headings with heading elements and choose levels that reflect how sections relate. A heading lets users navigate by section and understand the page’s organization. Review the outline: headings should describe real conceptual sections, and their hierarchy should make sense. W3C/WAI describes a meaningful hierarchy as strongly suggested, while applicable conformance requirements depend on context; there is no one rigid heading pattern for every page. See the W3C/WAI Easy Checks and the Page Structure Tutorial.
Identify page regions and main content
Use appropriate structure to identify major regions, including the main content. Provide a way to bypass repeated navigation so users can reach that content directly. Give regions labels when users need to distinguish multiple regions of the same kind. These structures help people move through a page without having to listen to every item in sequence.
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- 【Speakerphone】You can listen to your favorite stories through the speakers when you're busy. E-book readers have a battery life of several weeks, so you can experience uninterrupted reading on a single charge.
- 【Convenient Design】Glide through stories with a simple touchscreen swipe, or use the page-turn buttons when one hand is busy. You can also switch to landscape mode for a different reading experience. Paired with a dedicated full-wrap cover for drop and scratch protection, reading should always be this elegant and effortless.
2. Write image alternatives for their purpose
For informative images, provide alternative text that conveys the essential information or purpose the image adds in its context. The right text depends on what a user needs to know at that point; it is not necessarily a literal description of every visible detail. W3C/WAI’s accessibility principles and development tips explain how to provide text alternatives.
Choose the alternative based on image function
- Informative image: Summarize its relevant information or purpose in the current context.
- Functional image: Name the action. An icon that submits a search form might have the accessible name “Search,” rather than a description of its appearance such as “magnifying lens.”
- Decorative image: Use
alt=""so it does not add redundant output. - Chart or diagram: Provide a short alternative and, when needed, a longer explanation of the data or relationships.
Avoid applying the same phrase, such as “image of,” to every image. Decide what equivalent information or function a person should receive, rather than describing pixels for their own sake.
3. Give controls names and links context
Users need to identify a control before they can use it. Make labels clear and programmatically associated with the relevant form control. For a standard visible label, connect its for attribute to the control’s matching id:
<label for="email">Email address</label>
<input id="email" name="email" type="email">
Visible labels help all users, and the programmatic association lets assistive technology identify which label belongs to which control. Provide group context where a set of controls needs it. ARIA labeling may be useful in particular situations, but do not use it as a reason to omit a helpful visible label when one is appropriate. W3C/WAI describes label techniques in its development tips and its explanation of headings and labels.
Write links that work out of context
Screen-reader users may review links as a list, without hearing the surrounding paragraph. Use link text that says where a link goes or what it does. Avoid repeated labels such as “click here” and “read more” when their purpose is not otherwise clear. The W3C/WAI writing tips discuss clear link purpose.
Set the page title and language
Give each page a concise title that identifies its subject and makes sense outside the page. You may include the site or organization after the page-specific information. Set the primary document language with the HTML lang attribute so assistive technology can apply appropriate language behavior. See W3C/WAI’s guidance on page titles and development.
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4. Make every interaction work from a keyboard
Every function available by pointer must also be available from a keyboard. W3C/WAI’s “Understanding Guideline 2.1: Keyboard Accessible” states: “Make all functionality available from a keyboard.” Keyboard input can also be generated through speech input and a range of assistive technologies; it is not a concern limited to people typing on a keyboard. See W3C/WAI’s keyboard accessibility guidance.
- Move through interactive elements using the keyboard and check that the order is usable.
- Confirm that keyboard focus is visible as it moves.
- Check that users can enter and leave components; focus must not be trapped.
- Try every function, not just links and form submission. Include menus, dialogs, custom widgets, and any pointer-only behavior.
Keyboard access alone does not establish that an interface works well with a screen reader. A control can be reachable but still have an unclear name, role, value, state, or feedback. Review both how people reach and operate it and the information the control exposes.
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WAI-ARIA can expose roles, states, and properties; describe regions and widget types; identify live regions; and support keyboard navigation for advanced controls. It is especially relevant for dynamic content and controls built with HTML and JavaScript. For custom widgets, follow the applicable pattern in the ARIA Authoring Practices Guide.
Rank #4
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Prefer built-in HTML semantics when they already express the element and behavior you need. An ARIA role can tell assistive technology what a control is intended to be, but it does not supply the working interaction, keyboard behavior, or state changes. Implement those along with the role and properties. W3C/WAI’s ARIA overview explains the technology’s role.
6. Review the page in layers
Start with a structured review of the page itself, then test tasks and interactions. W3C/WAI’s Easy Checks are preliminary checks, not a certification of WCAG conformance. They point to further evaluation resources, including a systematic methodology.
First review the structure and controls
- Check that the page has a useful title and the document’s primary language is set.
- Compare visible headings with the headings exposed in the document outline; confirm they represent real sections and are organized meaningfully.
- Check that major regions and main content are identifiable, with a way to skip repeated navigation.
- Inspect informative, functional, decorative, and complex images to confirm each has an appropriate alternative.
- Check that form controls have understandable, associated labels and groups have needed context.
- Navigate and operate the page with a keyboard; inspect focus order, visibility, and whether users can leave each component.
Test complete tasks with assistive technology
Test representative pages and interactions in the target platform rather than treating one page or one successful keyboard pass as coverage of the whole site. Check whether users can locate content, understand controls, complete forms, and receive useful feedback. Where possible, include people who use screen readers in usability review. Automated scanning and short checklists can help find issues, but neither proves that users can complete every task.
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For a broader evaluation, W3C/WAI reports that WCAG-EM 2.0 was published as a Group Note on 2026-07-23. It describes a step-by-step methodology for evaluating WCAG 2 conformance across digital products. Consult the W3C/WAI site for its current status and guidance; a methodology is a more systematic evaluation approach, not a substitute for understanding the pages and tasks in scope.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.7. Common problems and practical fixes
| What you notice | Likely cause | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| A visual heading is missing from heading navigation. | It is styled text or a generic element rather than a heading element. | Mark it up as a heading and make sure its level reflects the content hierarchy. |
| A screen reader announces an image but the announcement adds no useful information. | A decorative image has a redundant alternative, or an informative image has generic text. | Use alt="" for decoration; for informative images, communicate the essential information or purpose in context. |
| A form field is announced without a useful name. | The visible label is not programmatically associated with the control, or the field lacks necessary group context. | Associate a visible <label> using matching for and id values, and supply group context where needed. |
| A control can be reached but its purpose or state is unclear. | Keyboard reachability was checked without reviewing its accessible name, role, value, state, or feedback. | Review the control’s exposed information and behavior, using native HTML where it fits and correctly implemented ARIA when needed. |
| A keyboard user cannot reach a function or escape a component. | Some interaction is pointer-only, focus order is unusable, or focus becomes trapped. | Make each function keyboard-operable, provide visible focus, and ensure users can leave the component. |
| A short checklist passes but users still cannot complete a task. | Preliminary checks or automated results were treated as a complete usability evaluation. | Test representative end-to-end tasks with assistive technology and, where possible, people who use it. |
Or skip the browser setup
To capture a page for review, you can call the ScreenshotNeo website screenshot API instead of setting up a browser capture script. A screenshot is a visual aid for inspecting rendered content; it does not expose the accessibility tree or replace keyboard and screen-reader testing. The one-call request below saves a WebP capture of the target URL. See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options.
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webp
ScreenshotNeo accepts cookie and consent banners before capture and removes more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets; each step can be turned off. Bot checks and CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and responses identify the page verdict and billing status in headers. Its MCP server offers take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf tools for Claude, Cursor, and other MCP clients. The Free plan includes 1,000 shots per month without a card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots. Every feature is available on every plan.
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Further reading
A Web for Everyone: Designing Accessible User Experiences by Sarah Horton and Whitney Quesenbery is a broader accessible-UX book published by Rosenfeld Media in January 2014 (288 pages; paperback ISBN 978-1933820-97-2). Its publisher describes practical advice and examples for creating sites everyone can use. Because it predates current guidance, use current W3C material for standards and evaluation practice. See the publisher’s catalog page. NVDA is one possible software screen reader for testing on an appropriate platform; NV Access describes it as free and open source and provides its download. It is not a required purchase or a replacement for considering the target platform and users.
Quick Recap
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