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This keeps ownership clear without forcing every page into a common base class. The examples below use TypeScript and Playwright Test.
What “sharing a locator” should mean
In a page-object model, each object provides a higher-level API for a meaningful page or part of an application. Playwright’s documented pattern is to pass a Page into a page-object constructor, store the page, and define its locators there. That places selectors near the behavior that uses them and avoids scattering selector definitions across tests. See the Playwright page object models documentation.
Sharing should generally mean reusing a locator definition or component behavior against the same relevant page—not sharing a browser element snapshot across tests. If a header is on several pages, for example, each page object can compose a Header object that uses its own page. Each test still receives its own page through Playwright Test’s fixture system.
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For a single repeated line in a simple test, an abstraction may make the test harder to read than the duplication it removes. Playwright’s best-practices guidance allows small duplication when it keeps simple tests clear. See Playwright best practices.
Build a shared component with composition
Use composition when the UI itself is shared and its controls or behavior belong together. Pass the containing Page or a locator for the component root, then define component locators once. The following example scopes the header to a root locator so it can also work when the header is nested inside a larger page region.
import { expect, type Locator, type Page } from '@playwright/test';
class Header {
readonly accountButton: Locator;
constructor(root: Page | Locator) {
this.accountButton = root.getByRole('button', { name: 'Account' });
}
async openAccountMenu(): Promise<void> {
await this.accountButton.click();
}
}
class OrdersPage {
readonly header: Header;
readonly heading: Locator;
constructor(readonly page: Page) {
this.header = new Header(page);
this.heading = page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Orders' });
}
async expectLoaded(): Promise<void> {
await expect(this.heading).toBeVisible();
}
}
class ProfilePage {
readonly header: Header;
readonly heading: Locator;
constructor(readonly page: Page) {
this.header = new Header(page);
this.heading = page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Profile' });
}
}The classes share the Header definition, but each instance is built from the page passed to its owning page object. The page objects retain their own page-specific headings. The component pattern is an architectural recommendation based on Playwright’s page-object and locator APIs; Playwright does not require a particular component hierarchy.
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Scope a component to a repeated region
If the page has multiple similar controls, first identify a stable root for the particular component, then create the component from that root. For example:
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class SearchPanel {
readonly searchButton: Locator;
constructor(root: Locator) {
this.searchButton = root.getByRole('button', { name: 'Search' });
}
}
class CatalogPage {
readonly search: SearchPanel;
constructor(readonly page: Page) {
const panel = page.getByRole('region', { name: 'Catalog search' });
this.search = new SearchPanel(panel);
}
}Root scoping makes the component’s ownership explicit and helps distinguish it from a similarly named control elsewhere. Adjust the root role and accessible name to match the application.
Choose locators that survive ordinary UI changes
Prefer locators that describe what a user or assistive technology can identify. Playwright recommends role locators with accessible names where practical; labels and text can also identify intended controls. A test ID is a reasonable choice when the team deliberately treats it as a stable testing contract or a user-facing locator cannot distinguish the target. See Playwright locators and the best-practices guidance.
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page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save changes' });
page.getByLabel('Email address');
page.getByTestId('account-menu');CSS and XPath are available, but selectors coupled to long chains of DOM structure can break when markup is reorganized. Likewise, do not resolve ambiguity automatically with .first(), .last(), or .nth(). First make the locator meaningful and unique; positional selection can silently point at another element after the page changes.
Understand locator lifetime and reuse
A stored locator is not a handle to one particular element instance. Playwright evaluates it when an action or assertion runs; if the page rerenders between operations, the locator resolves against the current DOM again. That is why it is usually safe to keep a Locator as a page-object property rather than reacquiring it after every render. This behavior is documented in Playwright’s locator guide.
Re-resolution does not make an incorrect locator correct. If it matches multiple elements, is detached from the intended region, or no longer describes the intended control, refine the locator or its scope. Avoid caching raw element state as a substitute for a locator when the page can change.
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Construct page objects from Playwright Test fixtures
The built-in page fixture gives a test an isolated page. A custom fixture can construct page objects from that page and inject them into tests as named parameters. Playwright’s fixture documentation shows the general custom-fixture pattern and isolation model: Playwright Test fixtures.
import { test as base, expect } from '@playwright/test';
class LoginPage {
constructor(readonly page: import('@playwright/test').Page) {}
readonly email = this.page.getByLabel('Email address');
readonly password = this.page.getByLabel('Password');
readonly signInButton = this.page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign in' });
async signIn(email: string, password: string): Promise<void> {
await this.email.fill(email);
await this.password.fill(password);
await this.signInButton.click();
}
}
type AppFixtures = {
loginPage: LoginPage;
ordersPage: OrdersPage;
};
export const test = base.extend<AppFixtures>({
loginPage: async ({ page }, use) => {
await use(new LoginPage(page));
},
ordersPage: async ({ page }, use) => {
await use(new OrdersPage(page));
},
});
export { expect };
Then a test requests the object it needs:
import { test, expect } from './fixtures';
test('opens the account menu from Orders', async ({ page, ordersPage }) => {
await page.goto('/orders');
await ordersPage.expectLoaded();
await ordersPage.header.openAccountMenu();
await expect(ordersPage.header.accountButton).toBeVisible();
});Here the fixture creates the page objects using the same test-scoped page. Requesting both page objects does not create a second page. If a test genuinely needs independent tabs or contexts, model those explicitly rather than accidentally sharing a fixture object across tests. Keep page-object setup aligned with Playwright’s fixture lifecycle.
Composition, inheritance, or a little duplication?
| Approach | Good fit | Watch for |
|---|---|---|
| Composed component object | A real UI component appears on multiple pages and has its own controls or behavior. | Do not extract components that are only superficially similar; keep the root scope and ownership clear. |
| Base page class | A small set of behavior is genuinely common to all pages and inheritance makes that relationship easier to understand. | Do not use a base class just to centralize every locator; the official Playwright material does not prescribe an inheritance hierarchy. |
| Small duplication | The behavior is simple and repeating a line keeps each test or page class easier to follow. | If the repeated UI behavior changes in several places, reassess whether it is a real shared component. |
Make the decision by asking whether the UI is truly shared, whether the abstraction keeps locators scoped, whether changes to the shared UI should affect every consumer together, and whether the abstraction makes a straightforward test harder to follow. These are design criteria, not framework rules.
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Troubleshoot common sharing problems
A component locator matches the wrong control
- Cause: The locator is created from the whole page and the same role or name appears elsewhere.
- Fix: Identify the component’s root with a meaningful role, accessible name, or test ID, then construct the component using that root locator.
A positional locator changes target after a UI update
- Cause:
.first(),.last(), or.nth()encodes order rather than intent. - Fix: Add a stable scope or use a role, label, text, or agreed test ID that identifies the intended element.
A locator appears stale after a rerender
- Cause: The locator is assumed to be a saved DOM element, or the query no longer matches the current page.
- Fix: Remember that locators resolve when used. Check that the page is in the expected state and that the locator still uniquely describes the control.
Page objects unexpectedly affect each other
- Cause: Objects are reused outside the test-scoped fixture lifecycle or constructed with the wrong page.
- Fix: Construct the objects from the test’s injected
pagein a fixture, and keep their lifetime aligned with that test.
A shared class becomes hard to maintain
- Cause: The abstraction combines unrelated controls or forces pages with different UI into the same hierarchy.
- Fix: Split genuinely independent components, or keep the simple duplication if that is clearer. The official guidance does not identify one universally best architecture.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Playwright require a base page class for shared locators?
No. Playwright documents page objects as a way to organize selectors and reusable code, but does not require inheritance or prescribe a component hierarchy.
Can two page objects use the same Playwright Page?
Yes. When both objects belong to the same test, construct them with that test’s injected page. Their locators will operate on that page.
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