Quick wins for a faster PC:
Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Use the Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) through the Selenium session that your Cucumber scenario already controls. Call Page.captureScreenshot with captureBeyondViewport set to true, decode the returned Base64 data, and save it as a test artifact. If your capture logic needs the page dimensions first, call Page.getLayoutMetrics and read cssContentSize.
The exact generated DevTools classes differ between Selenium bindings and versions. The example below uses Java, Cucumber, Selenium 4, and ChromeDriver’s generic executeCdpCommand method; verify the matching Selenium and Chrome versions in your build.
What “full-page” means in a Cucumber test
A normal WebDriver screenshot records only the current viewport. A full-page capture includes content below the fold, including areas that would require scrolling. Chrome’s CDP command supports this with captureBeyondViewport; the protocol documents that option as false by default, so your test must set it explicitly.
CDP returns the image as a Base64-encoded string in the JSON response. Your step decodes that string and writes the bytes to the scenario’s artifact directory. PNG, JPEG, and WebP are supported by the protocol. JPEG and WebP are lossy formats and accept a quality value; PNG does not use quality.
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Prerequisites and version checks
- A Cucumber project that creates a Chrome WebDriver session.
- Selenium 4 and a ChromeDriver/Chrome combination supported by that Selenium release.
- A step definition that can access the scenario’s existing
WebDriver. Do not start a second browser just for the screenshot. - A writable directory for screenshots, such as
target/cucumber-screenshots.
CDP is versioned. Chrome’s tip-of-tree protocol changes frequently, can break, and provides no backwards-compatibility guarantee. Selenium’s generated DevTools APIs are also version-specific. Check the Selenium API generated for the version installed in your project rather than copying a method signature from a different release.
Java Cucumber step using Selenium’s CDP bridge
The following step uses Selenium’s generic CDP bridge. It avoids binding-specific generated DevTools classes while still sending the same protocol command. It assumes your glue class receives the same driver used by the scenario.
Driver holder
package support;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
public final class DriverHolder {
private static final ThreadLocal<WebDriver> DRIVER = new ThreadLocal<>();
private DriverHolder() {}
public static void set(WebDriver driver) {
DRIVER.set(driver);
}
public static WebDriver get() {
WebDriver driver = DRIVER.get();
if (driver == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("No WebDriver is registered for this scenario");
}
return driver;
}
public static void clear() {
DRIVER.remove();
}
}Register the driver in your existing Cucumber hooks. The exact setup and teardown depend on your project; the important detail is that the step and hooks share the same driver instance.
Step definition
package steps;
import io.cucumber.java.en.Then;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import support.DriverHolder;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
public class ScreenshotSteps {
@Then("I save a full-page Chrome screenshot as {string}")
public void saveFullPageScreenshot(String fileName) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = DriverHolder.get();
if (!(driver instanceof org.openqa.selenium.chromium.ChromiumDriver chromium)) {
throw new IllegalStateException("This step requires a ChromiumDriver");
}
Map<String, Object> params = new HashMap<>();
params.put("format", "png");
params.put("captureBeyondViewport", true);
Map<String, Object> response = chromium.executeCdpCommand(
"Page.captureScreenshot", params);
Object encoded = response.get("data");
if (!(encoded instanceof String base64) || base64.isBlank()) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Chrome returned no screenshot data");
}
byte[] image = Base64.getDecoder().decode(base64);
Path output = Paths.get("target", "cucumber-screenshots", fileName)
.toAbsolutePath().normalize();
Files.createDirectories(output.getParent());
Files.write(output, image);
assertTrue(Files.size(output) > 0, "Screenshot file is empty: " + output);
}
}A feature can invoke it like this:
Scenario: capture the whole article
Given I open "https://example.com/article"
Then I save a full-page Chrome screenshot as "article.png"Use a unique filename when scenarios run in parallel. A common pattern is to include the scenario name, an execution identifier, or a timestamp supplied by your test framework. Keep the extension consistent with the CDP format.
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You do not normally need to calculate dimensions when captureBeyondViewport is enabled. If your artifact system imposes image-size limits, or you need to log the page’s scrollable dimensions, call Page.getLayoutMetrics first. Its cssContentSize object reports the content width and height in CSS pixels.
Map<String, Object> metrics = chromium.executeCdpCommand(
"Page.getLayoutMetrics", Map.of());
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Map<String, Object> content = (Map<String, Object>) metrics.get("cssContentSize");
System.out.printf("Content: %sx%s CSS pixels%n",
content.get("width"), content.get("height"));These values describe layout space, not necessarily the number of physical pixels in the resulting file. Device scale factor, browser zoom, and the requested image format affect the output.
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Choosing format, quality, and clipping
| Setting | Use it when | Notes |
|---|---|---|
format: "png" |
Assertions, text, diagrams, or lossless archives | Largest files in many cases; quality is ignored. |
format: "jpeg" |
Photographic pages where smaller files matter | Set an integer quality supported by your protocol version; compression can blur text. |
format: "webp" |
Modern pipelines that accept WebP | Confirm that downstream viewers and artifact storage support it. |
captureBeyondViewport: true |
The complete scrollable page is required | Required for a full-page result; the default is false. |
clip |
Only a known rectangle is needed | Pass an object with x, y, width, height, and scale as required by your CDP version. |
For a lossy capture, add for example params.put("quality", 85) and change the extension to .jpg or .webp. Keep format and filename aligned so artifact viewers do not misinterpret the bytes.
Make the page stable before taking the shot
A full-page image is only useful if the page has finished rendering. In your preceding Cucumber steps:
Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute- Wait for the primary content selector, not just the initial document load.
- Wait for lazy images, charts, and fonts that are part of the expected state.
- Dismiss a cookie dialog or other overlay when it would hide the content under test.
- Freeze or wait out animations if pixel comparisons are involved.
- Use deterministic test data and a fixed viewport where visual consistency matters.
CDP captures the current browser state. It does not automatically wait for network idle, scroll through every lazy-loading implementation, or remove overlays. If a site loads images only after an element enters the viewport, perform the page-specific scroll or trigger in a separate step, then capture.
Generated Selenium DevTools APIs
Selenium also ships generated DevTools bindings for particular Chrome protocol versions. Those APIs expose typed settings such as CaptureBeyondViewport and Clip. The package name and method signatures vary by language and Selenium release, so select the generated version that matches your project and inspect its documentation or IDE completion. Do not assume a class copied from a different selenium-devtools-vNN module will work unchanged.
The generic executeCdpCommand example is useful when your binding exposes that bridge and you want to send the protocol’s JSON parameters directly. If your binding does not expose it, use its generated DevTools equivalent and preserve the same protocol fields.
Troubleshooting
The image contains only the viewport
Cause: captureBeyondViewport was omitted, set to false, or replaced by a binding default.
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Fix: Send the boolean value true in the Page.captureScreenshot parameters. Confirm in logs that the command being sent is the Page domain command, not WebDriver’s ordinary screenshot call.
Unknown command or CDP version error
Cause: Chrome, ChromeDriver, and Selenium do not agree on a supported protocol version, or a generated DevTools package targets another version.
Fix: Align ChromeDriver with Chrome, upgrade Selenium within your project’s compatibility policy, and use the generated DevTools module for that release. Avoid relying on the tip-of-tree protocol as a stable contract.
The step says no driver is registered
Cause: The hook created a driver but did not put it in the holder used by the step, or parallel execution reused the wrong scope.
Fix: Register the driver before the scenario’s first step, use a thread-safe or dependency-injected context, and clear it in the After hook.
The file is empty or cannot be opened
Cause: The response did not contain a non-empty data string, Base64 decoding failed, or the output directory was not writable.
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Fix: Check the response before decoding, create parent directories, write the decoded bytes rather than the Base64 text, and verify the extension matches the requested format.
Content is missing or covered by a dialog
Cause: The page was captured before lazy content loaded, or a consent, newsletter, chat, or login overlay remained visible.
The Tool Desk
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Memory or artifact-size failures
Cause: Very tall pages produce large decoded images, especially at high device scale factors.
Fix: Capture PNG only when lossless output is needed, choose JPEG/WebP where acceptable, reduce the device scale factor, limit the page under test, or use a clip for a targeted region. Do not silently crop when the test’s purpose is full-page verification.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Parallel runs, reliability, and maintenance
- Write each scenario to its own path; otherwise parallel workers can overwrite one another.
- Attach the path or bytes to the Cucumber report after the step succeeds, and preserve the screenshot on failure for diagnosis.
- Record the browser version, Selenium version, viewport, and requested format alongside the artifact. Those details make protocol or rendering changes explainable.
- Keep the screenshot step small and deterministic. Navigation, authentication, data seeding, and overlay handling belong in separate steps.
- Review the step after Chrome or Selenium upgrades. CDP’s lack of backwards-compatibility guarantees makes version checks part of maintenance rather than a one-time setup task.
Or skip the browser setup
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Python:
import requests
r = requests.get("https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot", params={"access_key": "YOUR_API_KEY", "url": "https://stripe.com"}, timeout=90)
open("shot.webp", "wb").write(r.content)Node.js:
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use this with a non-Chrome browser?
The method described here is Chrome’s DevTools Protocol through Selenium’s Chromium support. Other browsers expose different automation protocols and are outside this procedure.
Do I need Page.getLayoutMetrics for every full-page screenshot?
No. It is useful when you need the page’s CSS content dimensions for logging, limits, or custom logic. captureBeyondViewport is the setting that requests content beyond the viewport.
Where should screenshots go in CI?
Write them beneath the workspace’s test-artifact directory, use unique names per scenario and worker, and configure your CI system to upload that directory after the run.
Quick Recap
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