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What an MCP server provides
Model Context Protocol (MCP) lets a client discover and use capabilities exposed by a server. A server can provide three kinds of capability:
- Tools are actions the client can invoke, such as checking a status or creating a ticket.
- Resources are readable data addressed by a URI, such as
config://productionorfile://reports/today. - Prompts are reusable prompt templates that a client can request with named arguments.
Start with one safe tool. Add resources or prompts only when the client needs them; a smaller surface is easier to secure, test and document.
Choose the SDK and transport first
TypeScript v2 for a Node.js server
The TypeScript SDK v2 documentation describes v2 as the stable release line implementing the 2026-07-28 MCP specification. It replaces the older monolithic v1 package path. The first-server tutorial requires Node.js 20 or later and uses the @modelcontextprotocol/server, zod and tsx packages.
Python v2 for Python services
The Python SDK v2 requires Python 3.10 or later. Install it with uv add "mcp[cli]" or pip install "mcp[cli]". Its documentation covers tools, resources, prompts, stdio, Streamable HTTP and SSE. Examples labeled v1 use a maintenance API line, so do not mix their imports or syntax with v2 code without checking migration guidance.
Match transport to deployment
| Deployment | Transport | How it works | Main concern |
|---|---|---|---|
| Local desktop or editor integration | stdio | The host launches your process and exchanges messages through stdin and stdout. | stdout must contain only protocol messages; send logs to stderr. |
| Hosted or remote service | Streamable HTTP | A client connects to an HTTP endpoint exposed by the server. | Apply authentication, TLS, request limits and the SDK’s HTTP deployment guidance. |
| Existing legacy integration | HTTP+SSE | An older streaming HTTP arrangement. | The TypeScript v1 documentation presents it as backward compatibility; use current guidance for new systems. |
Build a minimal TypeScript MCP server
1. Create the project
- Install Node.js 20 or newer.
- Create and enter a directory:
mkdir mcp-demo && cd mcp-demo. - Initialize the package:
npm init -y. - Install dependencies:
npm install @modelcontextprotocol/server zod. - Install the TypeScript runner:
npm install -D tsx. - Set
"type": "module"inpackage.json.
2. Register one validated tool
Create server.ts:
import { z } from "zod";
import { Server } from "@modelcontextprotocol/server";
import { serveStdio } from "@modelcontextprotocol/server/stdio";
const server = new Server({
name: "status-server",
version: "1.0.0",
});
server.tool(
"check_service",
"Return a simple health message for a named service",
{
service: z.string().min(1).max(80),
},
async ({ service }) => ({
content: [{
type: "text",
text: `${service} is available for a health check.`,
}],
})
);
await serveStdio(server);
The input schema is part of the protocol contract. The SDK validates service before the handler runs, so an empty or excessively long value is rejected instead of reaching your application logic. Replace the illustrative handler with a narrowly scoped operation that enforces authorization and validates any downstream API response.
3. Run it over stdio
Start the process with:
npx tsx server.tsThe process waits for protocol messages on stdin. Do not print banners, debug statements or stack traces to stdout: stdout carries JSON-RPC traffic. Use stderr instead:
console.error("status-server started");If you need structured application logs, send them to stderr or a file and keep protocol responses on stdout.
Connect and test with MCP Inspector
Starting a process is not a connection test. Use MCP Inspector, the interactive client shown in the official tutorial:
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- Launch Inspector according to its current installation instructions.
- Choose a stdio connection.
- Set the command to
npxand arguments totsx server.ts. - Connect and inspect the server’s capabilities.
- Open the tools view, select
check_service, enter a value such aspayments, and call it. - Confirm that the response contains text stating that the named service is available for a health check.
If the tool does not appear, inspect the process stderr and verify that Inspector is launching the same working directory and command you tested in a terminal.
Grow the server with resources and prompts
Resources
Use a resource when the client needs to read data rather than trigger an action. Define a stable URI scheme, document its contents and apply access checks for every request. Resource data should be bounded or paginated; never expose an unrestricted filesystem or database connection merely because the protocol can carry it.
Prompts
Use a prompt for a repeatable interaction pattern with named arguments. Keep user-controlled values clearly separated from instructions, and do not place secrets in a prompt template. A prompt can guide a client, but authorization must remain in the server-side tool or resource implementation.
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- Give each tool a specific name and description that tells a client when it is appropriate.
- Use strict schemas: enums for finite choices, bounds for strings and numbers, and explicit optional fields.
- Return clear, machine-readable content types and human-readable error messages.
- Prefer idempotent operations for retries; require confirmation for destructive actions.
Use Streamable HTTP for a remote server
When a server must be reached by a hosted client, expose the SDK’s Streamable HTTP transport at a stable endpoint. Put it behind HTTPS and authenticate before dispatching a tool. At minimum, plan for:
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- Authentication and authorization per user, tenant and tool.
- Input-size, request-rate and execution-time limits.
- Cancellation and cleanup when a client disconnects.
- Origin and host validation, TLS termination and secure secret storage.
- Observability that records request IDs and outcomes without logging credentials or sensitive arguments.
The older TypeScript v1 material describes HTTP+SSE as backward compatibility. Treat that as migration context, not a reason to select it for a new implementation. Confirm the exact server and client APIs for the SDK version you install.
Python implementation path
For Python v2, create an environment with Python 3.10 or newer and install mcp[cli] using uv or pip. The v2 SDK supports the same conceptual model: register a tool, resource or prompt, select stdio or an HTTP transport, then connect a client. Keep v2 imports and lifecycle calls together.
The Python getting-started material also demonstrates in-memory client testing: connect a client directly to a server object, call a tool and assert the structured result without a subprocess, listening port or network transport. This is useful for fast unit tests; add a real stdio or HTTP integration test as well, because transport wiring can fail independently of handler logic.
A compact add-tool/resource/prompt example found in the Python v1 maintenance documentation is explicitly v1. Do not paste it into a v2 project unchanged. Use it only to understand the capability pattern, then follow the v2 migration guidance.
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Verification checklist before production
- Runtime: Node.js 20+ for the TypeScript tutorial or Python 3.10+ for Python v2.
- Package line: Confirm the installed SDK is the v2 line you intend to use.
- Transport: stdio for a host-launched local process; Streamable HTTP for a remote endpoint.
- Schema: Invalid, missing and boundary inputs are rejected with useful errors.
- Protocol cleanliness: stdout is reserved for MCP messages in stdio mode.
- Client behavior: Inspector can list capabilities and successfully invoke each test tool.
- Security: Secrets are outside source control, destructive actions require appropriate authorization, and remote endpoints use TLS.
- Operations: Timeouts, cancellation, retries and rate limits are defined for every external dependency.
Troubleshooting common failures
Inspector cannot start the server
Check the command, arguments and working directory. Run the exact command manually. A missing tsx dependency, an unsupported Node version or an incorrect module type in package.json commonly causes immediate exit.
The connection reports invalid JSON or protocol errors
Remove every ordinary console.log from the stdio process. Send diagnostics to stderr. Also check that a shell wrapper is not printing a startup message before launching Node.
The tool is listed but calls fail validation
Compare the client’s argument names and types with the declared Zod schema. In the example, the key must be service, and it must be a non-empty string no longer than 80 characters.
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A remote client cannot reach the endpoint
Verify that the client and server use the same transport, that the URL and path are correct, and that a reverse proxy preserves the required streaming behavior. Check TLS, authentication headers, firewall rules and server logs.
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Code copied from a tutorial no longer compiles
Identify whether the snippet targets TypeScript v1, TypeScript v2, Python v1 or Python v2. SDK package names and lifecycle APIs are version-specific. Align the runtime, package version and tutorial generation before changing application code.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can one MCP server expose both tools and resources?
Yes. A server may expose tools, resources and prompts together; add each capability only when the client use case requires it.
Is stdio suitable for a public internet service?
No. stdio is intended for a host that launches a local process. Use Streamable HTTP for a remotely hosted server and apply authentication and TLS.
How should I test a Python server without opening a port?
The Python v2 getting-started material supports an in-memory client connected directly to the server object, allowing tool calls and assertions without a subprocess or transport.
Quick Recap
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