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How the Express endpoint works
A social crawler fetches the URL in your page’s og:image metadata independently of a user’s browser. Your Express endpoint must therefore be publicly reachable and return an actual image response—not HTML, JSON, or a redirect to a private asset.
- Read and validate supported query parameters, such as a title or theme key.
- Pass those values to an image renderer to create a 1200 × 630 composition.
- Convert the renderer’s result to bytes if needed.
- Set the response content type to PNG and send the bytes.
- Put the absolute, publicly accessible endpoint URL in the page’s
og:imagemetadata.
Express provides the route and response handling. The renderer provides the image. Keeping those jobs separate makes it easier to change the design or output pipeline without changing how your page exposes the image.
Generate a PNG with @vercel/og
@vercel/og uses Satori and Resvg to convert HTML and CSS into PNG, according to Vercel’s Open Graph image generation documentation, updated December 19, 2025. Its layout model supports a constrained CSS subset; use flexbox rather than relying on CSS grid. Check the API reference and runtime support for the version installed in your project because the exact integration syntax can vary.
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The following example uses a JSX element, the shape used in the official examples. Save it in a project configured for JSX and ESM, install compatible versions of Express and @vercel/og, then run it in a supported Node.js runtime:
import express from 'express';
import { ImageResponse } from '@vercel/og';
const app = express();
app.get('/og', async (req, res, next) => {
try {
const rawTitle = req.query.title;
const title = typeof rawTitle === 'string'
? rawTitle.slice(0, 100)
: 'Default title';
const image = new ImageResponse(
(
<div
style={{
display: 'flex',
width: '100%',
height: '100%',
alignItems: 'center',
justifyContent: 'center',
backgroundColor: '#111',
color: '#fff',
fontSize: 60,
padding: 48,
textAlign: 'center',
}}
>
{title}
</div>
),
{ width: 1200, height: 630 }
);
const png = Buffer.from(await image.arrayBuffer());
res.type('png').send(png);
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
});
app.listen(3000);The length limit prevents an unbounded title from overflowing the design, but it is not a substitute for validation. If titles can contain user-submitted text, consider whether to reject or normalize unexpected input and how it should be displayed. Add only fields the design needs, and map a theme key to a fixed set of styles rather than accepting arbitrary CSS.
The explicit Buffer.from(await image.arrayBuffer()) conversion makes the image bytes suitable for an Express response. Express’s response API documents that a response body can be a Buffer; res.type('png').send(png) sets an image content type and sends the binary body. Do not serialize the Buffer as JSON.
Set the page’s Open Graph metadata
On each HTML page that should have a preview, include an absolute public URL for the image route. Encode query values when constructing the URL:
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://example.com/og?title=Shipping%20updates">If you generate metadata in application code, use a URL builder rather than concatenating unescaped input. Keep the endpoint accessible to social crawlers: it should not require a logged-in session or depend on a browser cookie. Confirm the deployed response has Content-Type: image/png.
A stable image URL can be cached as the same image. If the design changes while the URL stays the same, add a version parameter or otherwise change the URL so caches do not continue serving an old composition.
Choose a renderer for the design
Use @vercel/og for HTML-like layouts
Choose @vercel/og when its Satori layout model can express your design and the target runtime supports the installed package. It is suited to compositions made from text, shapes, and a supported subset of CSS. Flexbox is the safer layout choice than CSS grid.
Vercel documents a 500 KB maximum bundle size for @vercel/og. Custom fonts must use supported formats and count toward that limit, so keep font assets lean. Confirm font loading in the deployed runtime rather than assuming a font available on your development machine will be present in production.
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Use sharp for raster operations
For a renderer-independent pipeline, generate an SVG or another intermediate representation, then use sharp for resizing, compositing, format conversion, or Buffer output. Its documented formats include PNG, JPEG, WebP, GIF, and AVIF, and it can return the result with toBuffer(). Add sharp when you need raster manipulation or output conversion; it does not replace the need to create the image composition itself.
Compare the practical constraints
| Consideration | @vercel/og | sharp pipeline |
|---|---|---|
| Runtime and renderer | Uses Satori and Resvg; verify compatibility with the deployed runtime and installed version. | Use a runtime where sharp and its native dependencies are supported. |
| Layout | HTML-like elements with a constrained CSS subset; flexbox is safer than grid. | Depends on the intermediate image or SVG you provide and the transformations you apply. |
| Fonts | Supply supported font formats; custom fonts count toward the documented 500 KB bundle limit. | Font rendering depends on how the source artwork is produced. |
| External images | Confirm the installed version’s handling and runtime access for any external assets. | Load or provide source assets in your pipeline; avoid accepting arbitrary user-provided URLs. |
| Dimensions and format | Set dimensions in ImageResponse; 1200 × 630 is the documented recommended OG-image size. |
Resize and convert to the formats supported by sharp, including PNG, JPEG, and WebP. |
| Bundle and startup | Vercel documents a 500 KB maximum bundle size. Cold-start behavior depends on the deployment environment. | Bundle size and startup behavior depend on the application and deployment environment. |
| Cache controls | Documented ImageResponse cache headers are publicly cacheable and immutable for one year by default. |
Set response caching in your application to match URL stability. |
For a generated image whose content changes with query parameters, do not assume a long-lived immutable cache is appropriate. Vercel documents a default max-age of 31536000 seconds—one year—in ImageResponse cache-control headers. Make the URL versioned when the output should be treated as immutable, or configure caching for the actual update behavior you need.
Secure and operate the route
Validate input and control asset fetching
- Allow only known query parameters, and bound text length before rendering.
- Use a fixed set of themes or layouts instead of passing user input through as styles or markup.
- Avoid fetching arbitrary URLs from query parameters. If images must be fetched, use an allowlist and enforce appropriate size and timeout limits.
- Return a deliberate error for invalid input rather than silently generating a misleading preview.
Keep output and caching predictable
Fix the intended dimensions at 1200 × 630 for the standard composition, and verify the actual deployed response rather than assuming a successful HTTP status means a valid image. Check the content type and open the returned file. For stable output, a stable URL can be cached; when the composition changes, version the URL or adjust cache headers. Avoid publicly immutable caching for a URL whose image is expected to change.
Account for rendering work
Image generation adds CPU and possibly asset-loading work to a request. Keep layouts and fonts focused, avoid unnecessary remote assets, and measure latency and memory use in the runtime where the route will run. Cold-start behavior is deployment-specific; the cited documentation does not establish one universal response time. If requests are expensive or traffic is bursty, use caching where URL semantics permit it and consider generating images asynchronously rather than doing all work on every request.
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Troubleshoot common failures
The route returns an error instead of an image
Check the server logs for renderer exceptions, confirm that the installed @vercel/og version supports the runtime and JSX integration in use, and verify fonts or other assets load in production. Pass failures to Express error handling instead of returning a partial or malformed response.
The response downloads as a file or is treated as text
Inspect the response headers. Use res.type('png').send(png) and send a Buffer containing the PNG bytes. Do not call res.json() for the image body.
The social preview is missing or stale
Check that og:image contains an absolute URL, the route is reachable without a user session, and the endpoint returns an image rather than a login page or application HTML. If a design change is not appearing, use a new versioned URL so an old cached image is not reused.
Text clips or layout looks different than expected
Long titles can exceed the available space. Bound title length, test representative long strings, and use CSS features supported by Satori. Prefer flexbox over grid and verify custom fonts are loaded using supported formats.
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The deployed build exceeds its size limit
Review the assets and dependencies included with @vercel/og; Vercel documents a 500 KB maximum bundle size, including custom fonts. Reduce font and asset weight or use a different pipeline if the design cannot fit within the limit.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Express itself generate the Open Graph image?
No. Express serves the route and response; a renderer such as @vercel/og or a sharp-based pipeline creates the image.
Can a social crawler fetch an image that requires a login?
No. The crawler fetches the og:image URL independently, so the endpoint must be publicly reachable without a browser session.
Can I return JPEG or WebP instead of PNG?
Yes, with a pipeline that produces that format, such as sharp; set the response content type to match the bytes you send.
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