The Tool Desk
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What your scraper needs to produce
An RSS feed is an XML document with one channel describing the feed and repeated <item> elements for individual entries. For each scraped result, collect enough consistent data to tell a reader what the item is and where it came from.
- Title: a concise, human-readable name.
- Link: the canonical URL of the source page.
- Description: a short summary; link readers to the source for the full content.
- Publication date: a timestamp that can be parsed and ordered consistently.
- GUID: a durable identifier, preferably the canonical URL or another immutable source key.
Decide how to handle incomplete records before generating the feed. Reject or quarantine items missing required fields such as title or link rather than publishing malformed entries. Normalize timestamps at ingestion, and deduplicate on the durable identifier rather than on title text, which can change.
Choose how to generate the feed
Custom Python XML generation
Build RSS with an XML library when you need direct control over extraction, deduplication, ordering, and content. This approach also means you must provide your own scheduling, retry, storage, and deployment logic.
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Scrapy Feed Exports
If the scraper already runs in Scrapy, its Feed Exports feature can serialize scraped items and write them to configured destinations. Scrapy documents serializers including JSON, JSON Lines, CSV, XML, Pickle, and Marshal, and storage backends including local filesystem, FTP, S3, and standard output. See the Scrapy feed exports documentation for configuration and supported options. XML serialization is a useful starting point, but check the resulting structure against the RSS fields and reader behavior you need.
Validation with Universal Feed Parser
Universal Feed Parser parses syndicated feeds and accepts a remote URL, local filename, or raw feed string. Use it as a validation step in your publishing pipeline; see the Universal Feed Parser documentation. Parsing alone does not guarantee your feed has the exact fields or editorial quality you want, so add explicit checks for required channel and item data.
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Generate RSS 2.0 XML in Python
This runnable example assumes your scraper has produced a list of dictionaries with title, link, description, and published values. It creates a channel, uses each canonical URL as a stable GUID, escapes content through an XML library, and writes the document to a temporary file before replacing the output. Replace the sample records and feed metadata with your own values.
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from email.utils import format_datetime
from pathlib import Path
import os
import tempfile
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
FEED_TITLE = "Example updates"
FEED_LINK = "https://example.com/"
FEED_DESCRIPTION = "Recent items collected from Example."
OUTPUT = Path("public/feed.xml")
# Replace this sample with normalized records from your scraper.
records = [
{
"title": "Example article",
"link": "https://example.com/articles/example",
"description": "A short summary of the source page.",
"published": "2026-09-28T12:30:00+00:00",
}
]
def parse_date(value):
# Require an ISO-8601 timestamp with an offset or Z; do not guess a timezone.
dt = datetime.fromisoformat(value.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
if dt.tzinfo is None:
raise ValueError(f"Timestamp has no timezone: {value}")
return dt.astimezone(timezone.utc)
root = ET.Element("rss", {"version": "2.0"})
channel = ET.SubElement(root, "channel")
ET.SubElement(channel, "title").text = FEED_TITLE
ET.SubElement(channel, "link").text = FEED_LINK
ET.SubElement(channel, "description").text = FEED_DESCRIPTION
seen = set()
for record in records:
title = record.get("title", "").strip()
link = record.get("link", "").strip()
description = record.get("description", "").strip()
if not title or not link:
continue
guid = link # Use a canonical URL or another immutable source key.
if guid in seen:
continue
seen.add(guid)
item = ET.SubElement(channel, "item")
ET.SubElement(item, "title").text = title
ET.SubElement(item, "link").text = link
ET.SubElement(item, "description").text = description
ET.SubElement(item, "guid", {"isPermaLink": "true"}).text = guid
published = record.get("published")
if published:
ET.SubElement(item, "pubDate").text = format_datetime(parse_date(published))
OUTPUT.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
fd, temp_name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=OUTPUT.parent, prefix="feed-", suffix=".xml")
os.close(fd)
try:
tree.write(temp_name, encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)
os.replace(temp_name, OUTPUT) # Replace only after the full document is written.
finally:
if os.path.exists(temp_name):
os.unlink(temp_name)
print(f"Wrote {len(seen)} unique items to {OUTPUT}")Python’s XML serializer escapes text and attribute values so characters such as ampersands do not break the document. Still treat scraped HTML as untrusted: decide whether descriptions should be plain text or deliberately sanitized HTML, strip malformed control characters, and avoid copying full page markup into the feed. A stable GUID lets readers recognize the same source item even if its title or summary changes. If a URL is not durable, use a source-provided immutable ID instead.
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Validate the document before publishing
Install the parser with python -m pip install feedparser. After writing the file, parse it and fail the publishing job if it is malformed or lacks required content:
from pathlib import Path
import feedparser
path = Path("public/feed.xml")
parsed = feedparser.parse(path.read_bytes())
if parsed.bozo:
raise SystemExit(f"Invalid feed: {parsed.bozo_exception}")
if not parsed.feed.get("title") or not parsed.feed.get("link") or not parsed.feed.get("description"):
raise SystemExit("Feed is missing a channel title, link, or description")
seen = set()
for entry in parsed.entries:
if not entry.get("title") or not entry.get("link"):
raise SystemExit("An item is missing a title or link")
identifier = entry.get("id") or entry.get("link")
if identifier in seen:
raise SystemExit(f"Duplicate item identifier: {identifier}")
seen.add(identifier)
print(f"Validated {len(parsed.entries)} entries")For an automated check, also confirm dates parse when present, links point to the intended canonical pages, descriptions meet your length and safety policy, and item ordering is correct. The parser can read a URL, filename, or raw feed string, which makes the same validation approach usable locally and against the deployed endpoint.
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Publish and refresh the feed safely
- Choose a permanent HTTPS address. For example, publish
https://example.com/feed.xmland keep that address stable so feed readers do not lose the subscription. - Serve the generated XML as XML. Configure the web server or hosting platform to return an XML content type for the feed rather than a generic download or HTML error page.
- Run the scraper on a schedule that fits the source. Respect the site’s access rules and avoid polling more often than needed. The appropriate cadence depends on how frequently the source changes.
- Validate before replacing the published copy. Generate to a temporary path, run validation, then atomically replace the previous valid document. If scraping or validation fails, retain the last good feed.
- Monitor the job and endpoint. Record scrape time, item count, and validation failures. Periodically fetch the public URL and parse it too, since a valid local file can still be deployed with a server or routing error.
Storage and deployment details depend on your stack. Scrapy’s documented filesystem, FTP, S3, and standard-output backends can fit different pipelines; a custom script can write to a local path or upload the validated file using your hosting provider’s mechanism.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Common problems and fixes
- XML parsing fails: a scraped ampersand, invalid control character, or unescaped markup may have entered the output. Build XML with an XML library, clean invalid characters, and do not concatenate raw page content into tags.
- Items appear repeatedly: the scraper may be assigning a changing ID or deduplicating by title. Use a canonical URL or stable source identifier as the GUID and retain a set of identifiers during generation.
- Dates are missing or out of order: the source may provide no date, or timestamps may be parsed in mixed time zones. Define a policy for missing dates and normalize known timestamps to UTC; do not invent dates when the source does not provide them.
- The feed works locally but not at its URL: check the deployed path, permissions, response status, redirects, and content type. Fetch the public endpoint and validate that response, not just the local file.
- A failed run replaces a working feed: write to a temporary file and publish only after validation succeeds. Keep the prior valid feed available if scraping or validation fails.
- Readers show unexpected formatting: descriptions may contain page-specific HTML or excessive text. Prefer concise summaries and test the feed with a parser and the reader experience you intend to support.
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