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%20 represents a space octet in percent-encoding. A plus sign represents a space only in the application/x-www-form-urlencoded convention; in other URL contexts, + is not universally a space. If a plus sign is data in a form-style value, encode it as %2B. The right choice depends on which URL component or data format you are encoding.
What percent-encoding represents
Percent-encoding represents an octet—a byte value—with a three-character sequence: a percent sign followed by two hexadecimal digits. For example, %20 represents octet 0x20, the US-ASCII space. Hexadecimal letters may be uppercase or lowercase, though RFC 3986 recommends uppercase for consistency. RFC 3986, §2.1
For text outside ASCII, the relevant scheme or data format determines the character encoding. RFC 3986 advises UTF-8 for new URI schemes that carry Unicode text, followed by percent-encoding octets outside the unreserved character set. Percent-encoding is therefore not, by itself, a character encoding: the receiver also needs to interpret the represented octets using the appropriate character encoding.
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| Form | Meaning | Where it applies | Literal plus sign |
|---|---|---|---|
%20 |
Percent-encoded space octet (0x20) |
Percent-encoding in a URI component | Encode a plus as %2B when it must be represented as data and could be interpreted structurally or by a form parser. |
+ |
Space under the form-style serialization convention | application/x-www-form-urlencoded name/value data |
Use %2B so the form decoder does not treat it as a space. |
The distinction is about conventions, not two interchangeable spellings that work the same everywhere. A form-style parser may turn + into a space; a generic URI component parser need not. The WHATWG URL Standard defines browser URL parsing and serialization mechanics, including form-style encoding. MDN also explains the percent-encoding distinction.
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For example, the form-style value C++ guide can be serialized as C%2B%2B+guide: each literal plus is encoded as %2B, while the space becomes +. This illustrates that convention; a different component encoder or library may serialize the value differently.
Encode the value for its URL component
There is no single safe operation called “URL-encode everything” that fits every input. A URL has structural components, and each component has its own syntax. Encode the data you are inserting for the specific component or format, and preserve punctuation that is meant to remain structural. RFC 3986
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- Path: Encode data within the relevant path segment. A slash can separate path segments, so encoding an entire path as though it were one value can change its structure.
- Query parameter: If the endpoint expects form-style name/value pairs, pass raw keys and values to a matching query or form serializer rather than concatenating unescaped text.
- Fragment: A fragment begins at
#. Encode data for the fragment’s expected syntax instead of treating the entire URL as one value.
In common key/value query strings, & separates pairs and = separates a key from its value. If either character is part of a value, it must be represented as data under the chosen convention so it is not mistaken for a delimiter. But do not blindly encode every reserved character everywhere: RFC 3986 permits / and ? as data within the generic query component. The endpoint’s contract determines how its query is interpreted.
Build query parameters without changing their structure
In browser JavaScript, use the URL API to work with URL structure and URLSearchParams for query parameter pairs. Supply raw values to the serializer rather than pre-encoding them yourself:
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const url = new URL("https://example.com/search");
url.searchParams.set("q", "C++ guide");
console.log(url.search);
The URL API and URLSearchParams are browser interfaces for parsing and working with URLs and query parameters; see MDN’s URL API overview. For a non-browser language or framework, check that API’s documented behavior and the receiving endpoint’s expected format. Do not assume every library uses browser form-style serialization.
A query component is not automatically a standardized map of key/value pairs just because it contains & and =. RFC 3986 defines generic URI syntax; the application or endpoint decides whether and how to parse query text as parameters.
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Parse before decoding
First identify the URL components and split any query syntax the receiving format defines. Then decode the data within those components. RFC 3986 warns that applications must split a URI into components and subcomponents before decoding; otherwise decoded octets might be mistaken for delimiters. RFC 3986, §2.4
For example, a value containing %26 represents encoded data that could become & if decoded too early. If software decodes the whole query before separating pairs, that character may then be treated as a separator. The same risk applies to encoded = within a value. Parse using the expected query format first, then decode each parsed key and value once.
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Common encoding bugs and their fixes
- Using the wrong encoder scope: A whole-URL encoder may escape punctuation that should remain structural; a component encoder applied to a whole URL may leave data characters unsafe. Match the function to the input: full URL, path segment, or parameter value.
- Assuming every plus is a space: That interpretation belongs to form-style parsing, not generic URI syntax. Specify the wire format and encode a literal plus as
%2Bwhen using form-style data. - Decoding before splitting: Encoded delimiters can turn into apparent query syntax. Parse components and pairs before decoding their data.
- Encoding twice or decoding repeatedly: Encoding already encoded text can turn a percent sign into
%25; repeated decoding can make data look like syntax. Apply one encoding step at the boundary and one matching decode after parsing, using APIs whose behavior is documented for the relevant format. - Assuming every query is a key/value map: The receiving endpoint, not the generic URI grammar, defines whether query text uses that convention and how it is parsed.
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