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Human biomonitoring data on bisphenol A (BPA) are limited and uneven across developing countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America. Some studies have measured BPA in people, but the available samples are often too small or unrepresentative to establish national exposure levels or compare countries reliably. A lack of measurements does not mean exposure is low.
What is known about BPA exposure?
The clearest recent overview is a 2025 systematic review of human biomonitoring studies. It describes representative country-level data as unavailable outside the United States, Canada and Europe, and identifies major gaps in other regions, especially where research infrastructure is limited. Its regional findings summarize eligible published studies; they are not a census of every country, population or exposure route. The review searched for human urinary BPA or BPS concentration studies published from 2000 through June 2023 and focused on non-occupational general-population studies with suitable concentration statistics. Acevedo et al., 2025
Within the review’s analyzed dataset, Africa had one viable article and Latin America had five. Those are counts under the review’s search and eligibility criteria, not totals of every BPA publication or monitoring program in either region. The authors caution that the small African evidence base makes broad generalization difficult. Acevedo et al., 2025
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Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Evidence from environmental samples—such as BPA detected in water, soil or food—can help describe contamination, but it does not establish how much BPA people have absorbed. A 2015 global environmental review also describes geographic gaps, but environmental occurrence research cannot substitute for measurements in human samples. Corrales et al., 2015
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Why is there so little human biomonitoring?
Urinary BPA biomonitoring requires studies that recruit people, collect and handle samples appropriately, measure concentrations with validated analytical methods, and report results in a form that can be interpreted and compared. Sustained, representative monitoring also takes resources and research infrastructure. The 2025 review identifies limited research infrastructure as one factor behind regional gaps and calls for more support for biomonitoring in low- and middle-income countries.
Coverage alone is not enough to make results comparable. Studies may differ in who was sampled, when and where samples were collected, whether researchers measured total or free BPA, laboratory methods and detection limits, and whether results are reported as means or medians or adjusted for urine dilution. A study of a particular subgroup, such as pregnant people or clinic patients, cannot automatically represent a country’s general population. The 2025 review had to harmonize concentration statistics from studies with different methods, and its authors report substantial heterogeneity. Acevedo et al., 2025
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What do the studies that exist show?
A multi-country Asian study is evidence, not a regional baseline
A 2011 study measured total urinary BPA—the free and conjugated forms—in 296 samples from China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia and Vietnam. Using HPLC tandem mass spectrometry, the researchers detected BPA in 94.3% of the pooled samples and reported a geometric mean of 1.20 ng/mL across that sample set. Concentrations ranged from below 0.1 to 30.1 ng/mL. The highest reported country-sample median was from Kuwait and the lowest from Japan. These statistics describe the study’s samples; they are not estimates of national prevalence or a basis for ranking countries. The study reported no significant difference by gender or rural versus urban residence within its sample. Zhang et al., 2011
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Africa-focused counts cover more than human samples
A 2024 review abstract reports BPA research in 10 of 54 African countries. That figure covers the review’s broader range of environmental and biological matrices; it does not mean that 10 countries had human biomonitoring studies. It also cannot be directly compared with the 2025 review’s count of one viable African article, which came from a different review scope and set of eligibility criteria. 2024 Africa-focused review; Acevedo et al., 2025
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Can the available data show whether exposure is rising?
The 2025 review found positive nonlinear associations between time and urinary BPA concentration internationally and in Eastern and Pacific Asia. The pattern was not uniform across regions, and the authors say estimates were sensitive to analytic choices and affected by high heterogeneity. The reported international model coefficient—0.02 ng/mL/year², with a 95% confidence interval of 0.01–0.03—is a coefficient for a nonlinear time association, not a simple annual increase in an individual’s exposure or a forecast for every country. Limited evidence in Africa further constrains regional estimates. Acevedo et al., 2025
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What can readers reasonably conclude?
- Some countries have BPA biomonitoring evidence, but coverage is too sparse and uneven to establish a single representative exposure estimate for developing countries as a group.
- Small or subgroup-specific studies can document exposure in the people sampled, but they do not necessarily describe an entire country.
- Differences in sampling and laboratory methods limit direct comparisons, even when two studies both report urinary BPA.
- The data gap does not establish that exposure is higher or lower in under-studied countries, and the cited reviews do not provide a disease-burden estimate attributable to that gap.
The 2025 review authors write that “LMICs need more support for biomonitoring to understand the growth of bisphenol exposure in their countries and regions.” That need includes representative samples and monitoring repeated over time, so estimates can distinguish local findings from broader trends. The review also considered BPS, a different bisphenol used as a substitute for BPA; it reported that fewer than half of the analyzed articles documented BPS exposure. BPA and BPS measurements should not be conflated. Acevedo et al., 2025
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For background on BPA’s uses, exposure routes, analytical methods, food occurrence and toxicology, the joint FAO/WHO expert meeting report is useful, but it dates to 2011 and is not a current inventory of human monitoring by region. World Health Organization, 2011
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