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Dental photogrammetry records the relative three-dimensional positions and angulations of multiple implants; by itself, an extraoral photogrammetry file generally is not a complete anatomical impression. To build a digital model, capture the soft tissue and surrounding anatomy separately—usually with an intraoral scan or, in some workflows, a conventional impression—and align that dataset with the implant-position data in compatible dental CAD software. The exact capture sequence depends on the system, markers and software, so clinicians and dental laboratory teams should use the device-specific protocol.
What dental photogrammetry captures—and what it does not
In an implant workflow, extraoral stereophotogrammetry uses system-compatible markers or transfers to determine the implants’ positions and angulations in relation to one another. Those coordinates help describe the implant framework, particularly when several implants must be represented together.
That is different from recording the full arch anatomy. In the workflow described by PIC dental, the photogrammetry file contains implant-position and angulation data, while soft-tissue geometry is acquired separately. The two datasets are then aligned in dental CAD software using shared marker geometry. Treat this as one manufacturer’s workflow description, not independent validation of its system claims.
Some systems integrate photogrammetric capture into an intraoral scanner and can capture coded scan bodies alongside surface data. Their resulting files and protocols are system-specific; “photogrammetry” does not mean every device records the same anatomy or produces interchangeable files.
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How the datasets fit together
| Dataset or workflow | What it contributes | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| Extraoral stereophotogrammetry | Relative implant positions and angulations recorded from compatible markers or transfers. | Marker, implant or abutment interface, and software compatibility. |
| Intraoral scan or digitized conventional impression | Soft-tissue contours and surrounding arch anatomy. | Coverage, scan or impression protocol, and how the data will be registered to the implant-position dataset. |
| Integrated intraoral photogrammetry | May combine coded scan-body capture with surface scanning, depending on the system. | The specific device’s capture sequence, scan-body library, alignment steps, conversion and export options. |
The practical question is not simply whether a system “captures the arch.” Confirm which file contains implant coordinates, which contains soft tissue and other surfaces, and how the two are matched in the intended CAD workflow.
Typical extraoral photogrammetry workflow
The following is a conceptual sequence, not a universal chairside protocol. Use the current instructions for the scanner, markers, implant interfaces and CAD software in use.
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- Fit the compatible markers. Attach the system-specific photogrammetry markers or transfers to the appropriate implant or abutment interfaces, following the manufacturer’s handling and seating instructions.
- Record implant geometry. Use the photogrammetry device and its prescribed capture sequence to record the markers’ relative positions. Do not substitute markers based only on a similar appearance.
- Acquire the anatomy separately when required. Capture soft tissue and surrounding surfaces with an intraoral scanner, or use a conventional impression that is subsequently digitized, according to the chosen workflow.
- Register the datasets in compatible CAD software. Align the implant-position data with the anatomical dataset using the shared marker geometry or the system’s supported registration method.
- Inspect the assembled model. Check the registration and resulting geometry under the laboratory and clinical procedures used for the case before proceeding with design or manufacture.
The PIC workflow explanation describes the separation between implant-position data and soft-tissue acquisition, with marker geometry used as the alignment reference. Its app page provides additional manufacturer information; neither page should be read as proof that every CAD package or third-party workflow is compatible.
Integrated intraoral capture is protocol-specific
As one documented example, SHINING 3D’s IntraoralScan 3.5.6 documentation presents a sequence that includes jaw scanning, coded scan-body scanning, gingiva alignment, conversion and marking, and a bite check. Its support article explains that six dots around each coded scan body’s hexagon carry position and angle information. These are details for that documented workflow, not steps to copy into another scanner’s protocol.
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Before capture, confirm that the coded scan bodies or markers match the implant or abutment platform and are supported by the scanner’s workflow and the software library used downstream. A component that looks suitable is not necessarily represented correctly in the relevant library.
What affects accuracy and how to interpret the evidence
Accuracy depends on the device and capture protocol, and the interimplant span matters: ITI consensus material reports that increasing span negatively affects accuracy. The consensus also emphasizes protocol-specific technique, stating: “To optimize digital implant impressions for each clinical situation, device-specific intraoral scanning protocols must be followed.” The recommendation comes from the International Team for Implantology’s consensus statements and should be read alongside later evidence.
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| Review | Studies and reported findings | What the result does—and does not—show |
|---|---|---|
| Rutkūnas et al., 2023 | Nine studies: three clinical and six in vitro. The review reported differences in mean trueness values of up to 162 ± 77 μm in clinical studies and up to 43 μm in laboratory studies. | Methods were heterogeneous. The authors found intraoral scanning and photogrammetry comparably accurate for full-arch edentulous cases, while noting that tolerable misfit thresholds and objective assessment criteria require clinical verification. The reported figures are not expected error for an individual case. PubMed record. |
| Evidence-Based Dentistry review, 2024 | Twenty-three in-vitro studies: 12 favored digital methods, six favored conventional methods, and five found comparable accuracy. | The review included intraoral scanning and photogrammetry; these counts are not a photogrammetry-only comparison or a clinical outcome. Review. |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2025 | Thirteen complete-arch studies: three in vivo and ten in vitro. Photogrammetry performed better in ten studies. | The authors described methodological heterogeneity, called for further clinical trials and recommended rigid prototype try-in pending conclusive evidence. The findings support cautious optimism, not a guarantee of passive fit. PubMed record. |
The reviews do not establish a universal error threshold for every clinical situation or prove that one capture method is best for every case. Study type, protocol and span differ, so a reported laboratory result should not be treated as a promise of clinical fit.
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- Capture scope: Does the photogrammetry file contain implant positions only, or does the selected system also capture surface anatomy?
- Span and implant arrangement: How many implants and what interimplant span are involved, and what does the system’s validated protocol cover?
- Component compatibility: Do the markers or coded scan bodies match the implant or abutment platform and the scanner’s supported library?
- Registration and handoff: Is a second scan or digitized impression needed, and can the intended CAD software align and export both datasets?
- Verification: What review or try-in steps does the clinical and laboratory workflow require before the final prosthesis is accepted?
These checks help distinguish a workflow that captures implant coordinates from one that provides the anatomical surfaces needed for a complete digital model.
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