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A ZoomEye query reported 1,160,264 Internet-reachable services matching its Mosquitto fingerprint on September 29, 2026, at 02:47 UTC. That is a count of identified services—not a count of vulnerable brokers, anonymous logins, or exposed messages.
What does the 1,160,264 count measure?
The figure comes from the query app="Mosquitto", which the article by Jeffrey Ciend reports was run against ZoomEye at 02:47 UTC on September 29, 2026. Its unit is a fingerprint match: an Internet-reachable service that ZoomEye’s index identified as Mosquitto.
A fingerprint does not establish whether a broker is correctly configured, up to date, or protected by authentication. Nor does it show that a visitor can read messages or control connected devices. The count is a dated snapshot reported by that article, not a live total or an independently reproduced result.
What is Mosquitto, and why might it be reachable?
Eclipse Mosquitto is an open-source MQTT broker that supports MQTT 5.0, 3.1.1, and 3.1. MQTT uses a publish-and-subscribe model: clients publish messages to topics, and the broker routes those messages to clients subscribed to the relevant topics. Mosquitto is designed to run on small devices as well as full servers, so deployments can range from a local device network to a server reachable from the public internet.
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Reachability is not the same as permission. A public listener may accept network connections while still requiring authentication and limiting which topics each account can access.
What can a connection allow someone to do?
Connection, subscription, and publishing are different permissions. A client may be able to connect without credentials but be unable to subscribe to a useful topic. It may be allowed to subscribe without being allowed to publish. Even a permitted subscription does not prove that messages were delivered during a particular observation.
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| What is established | What it means | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|
| Fingerprint match | A scanner’s index identifies an Internet-reachable service as Mosquitto. | Authentication status, vulnerability, or message access. |
| Unauthenticated connection | A client can connect without supplying credentials. | Permission to subscribe or publish. |
| Unauthenticated subscription | A client can subscribe without credentials to at least some topic or topics. | Permission to publish, or proof that messages arrived. |
| Observed messages | Messages were delivered to a scanner during its observation window. | That every subscriber can see every topic, or that publishing is allowed. |
| Unauthenticated publishing | A client can publish without credentials to permitted topic or topics. | That the broker or connected devices are otherwise vulnerable or controllable. |
What do broader MQTT scans show?
Censys’s 2026 analysis concerns MQTT hosts generally, not Mosquitto fingerprint matches specifically. Its figures help illustrate why exposure and access must be measured separately, but they should not be applied to ZoomEye’s Mosquitto count.
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|---|---|---|
| Hosts exposing one or more MQTT services | More than 650,000 | Censys’s broader MQTT observation; not Mosquitto-only. |
| Hosts in the United States | 36,035 | Censys-observed MQTT hosts in its analysis. |
| Unauthenticated connections | 9,649 (26.8%) | Of the 36,035 U.S. MQTT hosts in that analysis. |
| Unauthenticated subscriptions | 7,756 (21.5%) | Of the 36,035 U.S. MQTT hosts in that analysis. |
| Hosts that emitted messages | 28,595 | Censys subscribed and waited up to one minute. It described the result as approximately 4.4% of exposed MQTT hosts, or about 7.0% of hosts allowing unauthenticated subscriptions; the result depends on that scan and short observation window. |
Censys cautions that “the ability to read from or subscribe to a topic on an MQTT service does not necessarily imply the ability to publish messages to it.” Its message count records hosts that emitted messages while the scanner was listening; it is not a measure of all messages, all exposed data, or current MQTT-wide activity.
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Does a Mosquitto fingerprint mean the broker is vulnerable?
No. The ZoomEye result identifies services; it does not report a vulnerability finding. Whether a particular deployment is at risk depends on its software version, listener configuration, authentication choices, and topic-level access controls.
Check the version and authentication configuration
Mosquitto’s documentation describes a significant behavior boundary at version 2.0: version 2.0 and later requires explicit authentication choices before clients can connect, while earlier versions allowed unauthenticated clients by default. This is a difference in defaults, not proof that any individual broker is secure or insecure. Confirm the installed version and inspect the configuration actually used by its public listener.
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Check listener exposure and topic permissions
Listener binding behavior and the transition from the 1.6.x series to 2.0 also matter when determining which network interfaces a broker serves. Review the deployed version’s documentation and the effective listener configuration rather than inferring exposure from the version number alone. Then review topic-level access controls: authentication establishes who a client is, while access-control rules determine which topics that client may read or write.
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- Inventory public listeners. Identify MQTT services associated with systems you administer and confirm which listeners are intentionally reachable from the internet. Keep the review within assets you own or are authorized to assess.
- Verify the deployment. Check the installed Mosquitto version and the configuration loaded by each listener, including its network binding and authentication settings. Do not infer these from a scanner label alone.
- Require authentication. Set an explicit authentication policy for public-facing brokers. The Mosquitto project says anonymous access is not advised when the broker is publicly available.
- Review topic ACLs. Limit each account’s subscription and publishing rights to the topics it needs. Treat read and write permissions as separate decisions.
- Protect traffic in transit where appropriate. Consider TLS for connections that need transport protection, and verify the settings against the documentation for the deployed release.
- Patch and reassess. Keep supported releases current, monitor access and traffic as appropriate, and routinely reassess which owned services are exposed. CISA’s guidance for public-facing assets also recommends current patches, changing default passwords, monitored access methods where appropriate, traffic monitoring, and routine exposure assessments.
How to interpret an open MQTT listener
An open listener answers a reachability question: a network client can reach a service at that endpoint. It does not by itself answer whether the broker accepts anonymous connections, permits subscriptions, allows publishing, or delivered messages to anyone. Those are separate checks, and the result of one should not be used as evidence for the next.
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