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電気は主に電荷や電場に関わる現象、磁気は磁石や磁場に関わる現象です。ただし、別々に働く現象ではありません。電流のように動く電荷は磁場をつくり、変化する磁場は電場を生みます。電気と磁気は、電磁気という一つの相互作用の異なる側面です。
電気と磁気の違いを簡単に比べる
| 比べる点 | 電気 | 磁気 |
|---|---|---|
| 中心となるもの | 電荷と電場 | 磁場、磁石や磁性体、動く電荷 |
| 目に見える作用 | 電荷どうしに働く力や、電気回路の電流 | 磁石や鉄、方位磁針、電流が流れる導線に現れる磁気的な作用 |
| 身近な例 | 静電気、電池で動く回路 | 方位磁針、磁石、電磁石 |
| 互いの関係 | 電流は磁場をつくり、変化する磁場は電場をつくる | 変化する磁場は、適切な条件では回路に電流を生じさせる |
この表は現象を学び始めるための整理です。電気と磁気を完全に独立したものとして分けるのではなく、どちらも電磁気の一部だと捉えるのが重要です。
電気は電荷と電場に関係する
電荷には正と負があり、物体は全体として正、負、または中性になりえます。電荷の間に働く電気的な作用を説明するのが電場です。たとえば、物体どうしをこすって電荷が分かれると、静電気による引力や反発が起きることがあります。
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電流は、電荷が移動することです。導線や回路の中で電荷が流れると、電気エネルギーを機器へ伝えられます。電流は電気の現象であると同時に、磁気を生み出す条件にもなります。
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Butterfly EduFields 30in1 STEM Science Projects Kit for Kids Ages 8-10-12
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磁気は磁場として現れ、電流からも生まれる
磁石の周囲には磁場があり、磁場は方位磁針の向きや磁性体への作用を通して確かめられます。電流が流れる導線の周囲にも磁場ができます。そのため、導線の近くに方位磁針を置くと、電流によって針が振れることがあります。
電磁石は、この電流が磁場をつくる性質を利用したものです。電流を流すと磁気的な作用が生じ、電流を止めるとその作用を弱めたり止めたりできます。磁石だけでなく、電流も磁気の原因になりうるという点が、両者のつながりを理解する手がかりです。
Rank #2
Thames & Kosmos Electricity & Magnetism Science Kit | 62 Safe Experiments Investigating Magnetic Fields & Forces for Ages 8+ | Assemble Electric Circuits with Easy Snap-Together Blocks
- Investigate the relationship between electrity and magnetism
- Explore electricity with easy snap-together blocks
- Experiment with a motor and electromagnet
- Ages 8 and up can safely and easily experiment with electric currents and magnetic fields
- New 2012 Item - includes 64-page full-color manual
電磁誘導では、変化する磁場が電気を生む
磁石をコイルの近くに置いただけで、いつでも電流が流れるわけではありません。磁石とコイルを相対的に動かすなどして、コイルを通る磁場が変化する条件が必要です。その変化によって電場が生じ、回路がつながっていれば電流が流れることがあります。これを電磁誘導といいます。
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米国エネルギー省科学局は、電気と磁気の関係を「動く電荷（電流）は磁場を生み、変化する磁場は電場を生む」と説明しています。発電機はこの関係を利用し、運動によるエネルギーを電気エネルギーへ変換します。米国エネルギー情報局が挙げる基本例は、磁石をワイヤーコイルの周りで動かす方法、またはコイルを磁石の周りで動かす方法です。
Rank #3
Teenii Electricity and Magnetism Kit for Kids, STEM Science Experiments with Electric Circuits, Educational Physics Toy, Science Discovery Game for Boys and Girls 8+, 50 Pieces
- Comprehensive STEM Kit: 50-piece electricity and magnetism set with 40-page full-color manual, perfect for hands-on learning of circuits, electromagnetism, and physics concepts.
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- Safe & Educational Gift: Durable materials designed for children 8+, ideal for birthdays, Christmas, school projects, and STEM enrichment activities.
電気と磁気が使われる代表例
静電気と回路
静電気は、電荷の偏りによる電気的な作用を示す例です。一方、電池と導線を使った回路では、電荷の流れである電流が機器を動かします。
方位磁針と電流が流れる導線
方位磁針は周囲の磁場の向きを示します。導線に電流を流したとき針が振れる現象を観察すると、電流の周囲に磁場ができることを確かめられます。
Rank #4
EUDAX School Physics Labs Basic Electricity Discovery Circuit and Magnetism Experiment Kits for High School Students Electromagnetism Elementary Electronics
- Learn basic Electricity and Magnetism experiments through full-color manuals, understand the basic principles, and help Students learn, think and explore.
- The basic Electricity and Magnetism experiments kit includes everything that you need to get started,provides a hands-on opportunity for students in grades 9-11 to build simple electrical and magnetic models
- Includes 56 items for Electricity，21 items for Magnetism，2 pcs repair tool，Color page manual,All in the storage bag.（Notice:Batteries Not Included.Need 3 AA Batteries to work.)
- This Electricity and Magnetism Experiment STEM kit can build many projects:：Series Circuits,Parallel Circuits,Fruit Battery,Measure unknown resistor with Ohm's law,Oersted Experiment,Electromagnet,Amper's Force Investigation,Electric Bell Making and Hand Crank Generator
- Please feel free to contact us if you have new ideas for EUDAX Product, we will provide Best After-sales service
モーターと発電機
モーターは電流と磁気の作用を利用して運動を生み出します。発電機は逆に、運動と電磁誘導を利用して電気を生み出します。どちらも電気と磁気の結びつきを応用した機器ですが、エネルギーの変換方向は異なります。
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Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.初心者が学ぶときの順序
電荷から始め、電流、磁場、電磁誘導へと進むと、それぞれの現象とつながりを段階的に理解できます。イングランドの科学カリキュラムにも、電荷や回路、磁場、方位磁針、電磁石、モーター、誘導に関する学習目標が含まれています。これは学習内容の例であり、すべての学習者に共通する必須の順番を定めたものではありません。
Quick Recap
Best Value
Mysterystone Science Experiment for Kids Electricity and Magnetism Kit for Students Stem Kit Physics Lab Basic Circuit Board Kit for Learning Starter
- 📢The Most Complete Bundle for Electricity & Magnetism Learning!Find more unique items in this kit,such as Light control led, Magnetic switch, Joule's first law experiment module... ✈️Give your kids an interesting, hands-on introduction to Electricity and Magnetism with this physics gifts. This set offers more than 50 do-it-yourself experiments that will give your child an entertaining, concrete education on how electronics and magnetism work.
- ✈️The best physics kit to help students to get interested in physics science or to further understand what is learned from class about circuit board,electromagnet and many other STEM projects. A great electromagnetism set.
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- 電荷と静電気：電荷の正負と、電荷による引力・反発を学びます。
- 電流と回路：電荷の移動として電流を捉え、回路の中で何が起きるかを確認します。
- 磁場と磁石：磁石の周囲の磁場や、方位磁針が示す向きを観察します。
- 電流の磁気作用：導線の電流が磁場をつくること、電磁石やモーターに応用されることを学びます。
- 電磁誘導：磁場の変化が電場を生み、回路では電流につながる仕組みを学びます。
まず覚えておきたい要点
- 電荷や電場は、電気的な相互作用を考える基本です。
- 電流は動く電荷であり、その周囲に磁場をつくります。
- 変化する磁場は電場を生み、適切な回路では電流を生じさせます。
- モーターや発電機は、電気と磁気の結びつきを利用しています。
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