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When a WordPress or MySQL container stops, its main process has exited or Docker is repeatedly restarting it. The exit reason is in the container state and logs. Start there before changing passwords, deleting volumes, or adding restart policies:
docker compose ps -a
docker compose logs --tail=200 wordpress db
docker inspect CONTAINERMost WordPress-on-Compose failures come from one of four conditions: WordPress is using the wrong database host, its database name or credentials do not match MySQL, MySQL is still initializing when WordPress connects, or the data volume, entrypoint, permissions, or host resources are failing. The sections below identify the exact symptom and the least-destructive fix.
What a stopped container actually means
A container stays alive only while its primary process (PID 1) is running. If that process exits, Docker reports the container as Exited. A process that repeatedly fails can produce Restarting, while a healthy service remains Up and may show a health status. These states are different problems:
- Exited with an error: the command, entrypoint, mounted file, permissions, configuration, or application failed.
- Exited with code 0: the command completed normally. This is expected for a migration, import, backup, or other one-shot job, but not for a database or web service.
- Restarting: Docker is relaunching a process that keeps failing. The final line often only says that a restart occurred; the first fatal log line explains why.
- Up but unhealthy: the process is running, but its health check cannot reach the service or complete its test.
Do not treat docker compose start as a repair command. Docker documents that “The docker compose start command is useful only to restart containers that were previously created but were stopped.” It does not recreate a changed service definition or correct a failing command.
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The diagnostic sequence that prevents guesswork
1. Check every service, including stopped containers
docker compose ps -aLook specifically at the wordpress and db rows. Record whether either service is Exited, Restarting, Up, or healthy. If the service names differ in your file, use those names in every subsequent command.
2. Read the beginning of the failure, not the restart loop
docker compose logs --tail=200 wordpress dbCompose follows both services when you run docker compose up without detaching, so the same output is available during startup. For a single container, use docker logs CONTAINER. Find the first fatal message: a refused connection, unknown database, access denial, missing file, permission error, corrupted data directory, failed command, or out-of-memory termination. A later line such as “restarting” is only a consequence.
3. Inspect the exit code and state fields
docker inspect --format '{{.State.Status}} exit={{.State.ExitCode}} oom={{.State.OOMKilled}} error={{.State.Error}}' CONTAINERReplace CONTAINER with the name or ID shown by docker compose ps -a. An out-of-memory kill requires reducing the workload or giving the Docker host more memory. A nonzero exit caused by an invalid command, missing file, or permission problem needs a configuration or mount fix instead. If the state says the process exited successfully, inspect the command: it may be an intentional one-shot task that should not have a restart policy.
4. Verify the effective configuration
docker compose configThis renders variables and merges Compose files, making it easier to spot an empty value, a misspelled service, or a volume mounted at the wrong path. Do not publish the output if it contains passwords or other secrets.
5. Classify the failure before changing data
Keep a copy of the relevant log lines and state output. Restarting or recreating a container can obscure the original message. Never remove a database volume during this phase unless data destruction is intentional and a verified backup exists.
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Make WordPress use the MySQL service that actually exists
Inside a Compose network, containers reach one another through the Compose service name. If the database service is named db, WordPress should use db (optionally with the MySQL port), not localhost. In the WordPress container, localhost means the WordPress container itself, where no MySQL server is listening.
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| WordPress setting | MySQL setting | What must match |
|---|---|---|
WORDPRESS_DB_HOST |
Compose service name | Use the database service DNS name, commonly db; add :3306 when specifying the port explicitly. |
WORDPRESS_DB_USER |
MYSQL_USER |
The application username must be the same. |
WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD |
MYSQL_PASSWORD |
The password must be the same, including capitalization and punctuation. |
WORDPRESS_DB_NAME |
MYSQL_DATABASE |
The database name must match an existing database on the MySQL server. |
Both services also need to be attached to the same Compose network. A custom networks section is fine, but attaching only one service to it prevents DNS and TCP connectivity. Check the rendered configuration and, when necessary, inspect network membership with docker network inspect NETWORK.
The database must already exist
The WordPress image connects to MySQL; it does not create an arbitrary database named in WORDPRESS_DB_NAME. MySQL creates the database during first-time initialization when MYSQL_DATABASE is supplied. If that initialization never ran, or the requested name differs, WordPress reports an error establishing a database connection.
Environment variables that create the initial database and user are not a migration mechanism. Once /var/lib/mysql contains an initialized data directory, changing MYSQL_DATABASE, MYSQL_USER, or MYSQL_PASSWORD in Compose generally does not rewrite existing accounts or create a new database. Inspect the actual server instead of assuming an edited Compose file changed it:
docker compose exec db mysql -uroot -p
SHOW DATABASES;
SELECT User, Host FROM mysql.user;Enter the root password when prompted. If the expected database or user is absent, create or alter it deliberately on the existing data directory, or restore a known-good backup. Do not delete the volume simply to make an environment variable take effect unless the data is disposable.
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Account for MySQL’s asynchronous initialization
On a new data directory, the MySQL entrypoint initializes system tables, applies initialization scripts, creates requested databases and users, and only then accepts normal client connections. WordPress can start first and receive “connection refused” even though the MySQL container is still working normally.
Keep the stack running while the initialization log finishes. If WordPress cannot tolerate a transient refusal, coordinate startup with a health check and a dependency condition, or use an application-side retry loop. The MySQL image documentation notes that when an application does not handle MySQL downtime or waiting gracefully, “putting a connect-retry loop before the service starts might be necessary.”
A Compose pattern with a health check
services:
db:
image: mysql
restart: always
environment:
MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL_DATABASE}
MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL_USER}
MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_PASSWORD}
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}
volumes:
- db_data:/var/lib/mysql
healthcheck:
test: ['CMD-SHELL', 'mysqladmin ping -h localhost -u root -p$${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}']
interval: 5s
timeout: 5s
retries: 20
wordpress:
image: wordpress
restart: always
depends_on:
db:
condition: service_healthy
ports:
- '8080:80'
environment:
WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: db:3306
WORDPRESS_DB_USER: ${MYSQL_USER}
WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_PASSWORD}
WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: ${MYSQL_DATABASE}
volumes:
- wp_data:/var/www/html
volumes:
db_data:
wp_data:This is a pattern, not a production secret set. Supply the interpolation variables securely, pin image tags that you have tested, and adjust the health-check timing for the size of the database and the speed of the host. A health check delays dependent startup; it does not repair invalid credentials, a missing database, damaged files, or an entrypoint that cannot run.
Keep the data when containers are recreated
Containers are replaceable. The MySQL data directory and WordPress files must be persistent:
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- Mount a named volume at
/var/lib/mysql(or the data path used by the selected MySQL image). - Mount a separate named volume at
/var/www/htmlfor WordPress core files, themes, plugins, and uploads. - Use host bind mounts only when you understand their ownership, permissions, backup, and portability implications.
List the volumes and their mount points with:
docker volume ls
docker inspect CONTAINERRecreating a MySQL container without its data volume can remove the initialized database and make the next start look like a fresh installation. Recreating WordPress without its content volume can remove uploads, themes, and plugins. A normal docker compose down removes containers and networks but leaves named volumes; docker compose down -v also removes the declared volumes and is destructive.
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Back up before destructive troubleshooting
Before removing or reinitializing a volume, take a database-consistent dump or restore a verified backup and confirm that it can be read. A filesystem copy made while MySQL is writing may not be a consistent backup. If you have no backup and the old volume still exists, preserve it and work on a copy or a new test stack rather than experimenting on the only data.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Fix the failure that the logs identify
Wrong host name or network
Change WORDPRESS_DB_HOST from localhost or an obsolete container name to the current Compose service name, commonly db. Make sure both services share a network and that the database listens on the network interface used by the image. Recreate the affected service after changing its definition:
docker compose up -d --force-recreate wordpressA connection refusal while MySQL is still initializing is a timing problem; a refusal after MySQL reports readiness usually indicates the host, port, network, or server process is wrong.
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Credentials or database name do not match
Compare the four WordPress variables with the values that were used when the MySQL data directory was first initialized. If the directory is old, a changed Compose environment value may have no effect. Use the MySQL client to check the database and account, then alter the account or update WordPress deliberately. Avoid repeatedly changing passwords in the file while leaving an old data directory in place; that produces a restart loop without changing the stored credentials.
MySQL initialization is incomplete
Read the database log until initialization has either completed or stopped on a fatal error. Keep the stack up during a normal initialization. If it fails on an initialization script, invalid option, or permissions issue, correct that first. A health check and dependency condition prevent WordPress from being launched before MySQL is ready, but they cannot make a failed initialization succeed.
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Entrypoint, mount, or permission error
Messages about a missing command, missing configuration file, read-only path, or permission denial usually come from a custom command, entrypoint, bind mount, or file ownership mismatch. Temporarily run the image with the default command and without the custom mount to isolate the change. Then restore one customization at a time, checking ownership and the path expected by the image. Do not hide the error by adding a restart policy.
Out-of-memory termination
If docker inspect reports OOMKilled: true, or host metrics show memory exhaustion, reduce concurrent work or allocate more memory to Docker and the host. A restart policy will repeatedly relaunch the same workload and can make diagnosis harder while the memory limit remains insufficient.
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Migration, import, backup, and command-line jobs are supposed to exit after completing. Do not attach restart: always to those services. If a web or database service exits with code 0, inspect its command and entrypoint for an accidental one-shot override.
Use restart policies only after the root cause is fixed
restart: always is useful for services that should return after a crash or host reboot. It improves recovery after a transient failure, but it cannot repair bad credentials, a nonexistent database, corrupted data, a broken entrypoint, or an out-of-memory condition. With an unresolved error, it creates an opaque restart loop.
During diagnosis, temporarily remove or disable the restart policy so the failed container remains available for inspection, or stop the loop and run the service in the foreground:
docker compose stop wordpress db
docker compose up wordpress dbAfter the logs show a successful startup, re-enable the policy and verify that both services remain up through a normal restart.
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A safe recovery procedure
- Capture evidence. Save
docker compose ps -a, the last 200 log lines for both services, and the inspected state, including the exit code and OOM flag. - Render the configuration. Run
docker compose configand check service names, interpolated variables, networks, commands, and volume paths. - Fix configuration without deleting data. Correct the host name, credentials, database name, command, mount, or resource limit identified by the first fatal log line.
- Start in the foreground. Use
docker compose up wordpress dband watch MySQL initialization and WordPress connection attempts together. - Confirm readiness. Run
docker compose ps; the database should be running and healthy when a health check is configured, and WordPress should remain running. - Test the application. Open the mapped WordPress port, complete a harmless page request, and verify that uploads and the administration area still work.
- Re-enable recovery. Apply
restart: alwaysonly to long-running services, then recreate them withdocker compose up -d. - Reset only disposable data. If the stack is a throwaway development install and no data is needed,
docker compose down -vremoves the named volumes so MySQL can initialize from scratch. Never use this step as a first-line fix on a valuable site.
Final verification checklist
docker compose ps -ashows both services running rather than restarting or exited.- The WordPress database host is the Compose service name, not
localhost. - The database name, user, and password correspond to the accounts and database that actually exist in MySQL.
- MySQL logs show initialization completed, or the existing data directory opened successfully.
- WordPress and MySQL share a network.
- A named volume persists
/var/lib/mysql. - A separate named volume persists
/var/www/html. - No out-of-memory kill, entrypoint error, missing file, or permission denial remains in the logs.
- Restart policies are applied only to services intended to run continuously.
- A tested backup exists before any volume reset or database repair.
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