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Some people develop a fever after vaccination while others do not. A 2026 study of healthy young adults receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines found that differences in gut microbes before vaccination were associated with later fever responses. Experiments in mice support a possible mechanism involving bacterial flagellin, but the findings do not show that gut bacteria cause fever in people—or that changing your diet can prevent it.
Why might gut microbes be linked to vaccine fever?
The µHEAT study examined whether a person’s gut microbiome—the community of microbes living in the intestine—might help explain why fever responses differ after vaccination. Researchers reported that microbiome and inflammatory differences were already present before vaccination among people who later had stronger fever responses.
One feature of interest was bacterial motility. Some bacteria move using flagella, structures that contain flagellin. The immune system can recognize flagellin as an inflammatory signal. In the human observations, stronger fever responses were associated with microbial activity related to bacterial movement and flagellin. The NCBI BioProject summary also reports greater representation of the flagellated genus Waltera and more flagellin gene expression among participants with high fever responses.
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What did the study test in people and mice?
Human observations
Researchers recruited healthy young adults receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in 2021 and 2022. Participants provided stool samples for microbiome profiling and blood samples for immune measurements, and recorded their temperatures during the week before and after vaccination. The NCBI BioProject summary reports 171 healthy adults. The Paul-Ehrlich-Institut registry had listed 256 as the planned enrollment; that target is not the final analyzed sample size reported by NCBI.
Because the human component was observational, it could identify patterns in pre-vaccination microbes and subsequent temperature responses, but could not establish that the microbes caused the fever.
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Microbiome-transfer experiment
To test a possible mechanism, researchers transferred fecal microbiomes from participants into mice that did not have their own intestinal microbes, then vaccinated the mice. Mice receiving microbiomes from people with stronger fever responses developed greater inflammation than those receiving microbiomes from milder responders. The effect was partly dependent on the mice’s ability to sense flagellin.
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Does eating plant-based reduce the chance of fever?
The NCBI summary reports that vegans and vegetarians in the study had the least fever responses despite robust antibody production. This is an observed association, not evidence that adopting a plant-based diet will prevent fever or preserve a particular vaccine response for an individual.
The researchers also tested food additives in laboratory experiments and a high-fat Western-style diet in mice. The Max Planck Society report says these findings suggest diet can modify a pro-inflammatory microbiome, while emphasizing that the study could not show that diet determines vaccine responses in humans. Human intervention studies are needed to test whether dietary changes alter microbial flagellin and vaccine responses. [Max Planck Society; NCBI BioProject PRJEB107428]
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What does this mean if you feel feverish after vaccination?
The findings offer one possible explanation for why people’s fever responses vary: pre-existing gut microbial activity may contribute to the immune state that shapes the response. They do not establish a way to prevent vaccine fever. The study provides no basis for changing your diet, taking probiotics or supplements, or buying a microbiome test for that purpose.
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If you want to track your temperature, use a thermometer and record readings with the time they were taken. Temperature tracking measures what is happening; it does not prevent fever, and no particular thermometer was tested or endorsed in these studies.
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How far can these findings be generalized?
The µHEAT findings concern healthy young adults receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. They should not be treated as established for children, older adults, people with chronic illness, other vaccines, or every kind of post-vaccination symptom.
Related research adds context but does not close those gaps. A separate 2022 observational study of 138 recipients—37 who received CoronaVac and 101 who received BNT162b2—reported associations between gut microbiome composition, antibody response, and some adverse events. It does not independently prove that microbiome features cause fever. A 2024 systematic review of 26 human studies across different vaccines and outcomes described heterogeneous designs and called for adequately powered studies to confirm associations and assess microbiota-targeted interventions. [Ng et al., Gut, 2022; Ardura-Garcia, Curtis, and Zimmermann, npj Vaccines, 2024]
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