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There is no universal top-cost material for either sector. FMCG companies typically spread cost exposure across agricultural commodities, food ingredients, oils, processing chemicals and packaging. Paint and coatings companies commonly concentrate on resins, solvents, reactants, titanium dioxide, pigments, additives and epoxy. The effect of each input depends on the company’s formulas, product mix, sourcing contracts, geography, currencies and ability to substitute or pass through higher costs.
What “raw materials” means in these two industries
Raw-material cost is not a single commodity bill. It is the cost of the physical inputs that become a product, plus—in many company disclosures—packaging, purchased goods or processing materials. A detergent maker, skin-care company, beverage producer and household-paper business can all be classified as fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies while buying very different materials.
Paint makers also have varied recipes. Decorative wall paint, automotive coatings, industrial powder coatings and protective marine coatings do not use the same resin systems, pigments or solvents. A material can therefore be strategically important to one company and immaterial to another.
The most useful comparison is by input family and cost driver, not by a single cross-sector ranking. Company annual reports also define cost categories differently, so a reported “raw and packaging materials” number cannot automatically be compared with a paint company’s raw-material expense.
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FMCG: the input families that shape product costs
Agricultural commodities and natural materials
FMCG supply chains can include palm oil, soy, coconut, wood, natural rubber and tallow, as well as grains, sugar, dairy ingredients, cocoa, coffee and other food commodities where the product portfolio requires them. Beiersdorf’s 2025 value-chain description illustrates the breadth: it identifies palm oil, soy, coconut, wood, natural rubber and tallow as agricultural raw materials for a personal-care business.
Those materials may be bought directly or first processed into emulsifiers, surfactants, oils, adhesives and other substances. Consequently, a brand may be exposed to an agricultural market even when the named ingredient does not appear on the consumer-facing label.
Food ingredients and processing chemicals
Food and beverage companies purchase ingredients such as sweeteners, starches, oils, proteins, flavorings and colors. Home-care and personal-care companies may instead buy surfactants, emulsifiers, solvents, fragrances, preservatives and other formulated chemicals. These inputs can be affected by crop conditions, chemical feedstock costs, supplier capacity and energy prices.
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The recipe matters. A reformulation that replaces one oil, surfactant or preservative with another can change both the unit price and the processing requirements. Substitution is therefore a cost-management option, not proof that two materials are economically interchangeable in every product.
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Packaging materials
Packaging is a separate and often substantial exposure. The FMCG materials named in Beiersdorf’s 2025 value-chain description include plastic, aluminum, glass and paper. A company can face higher packaging cost even when its ingredients are stable, because resin, metal, glass-making energy, paper fiber, transport or conversion costs have changed.
Packaging regulation adds a non-commodity component. Unilever’s 2025 sustainability reporting discusses extended producer-responsibility schemes and plastic-usage taxes as risks. These charges are policy and design exposures rather than spot prices for plastic resin, and they can vary by market.
What a large FMCG cost disclosure does—and does not—show
Unilever reported €19,643 million for 2025 under the category “raw and packaging materials and goods purchased for resale.” This is a scale indicator for that company and year, not a sector average. The category explicitly includes goods purchased for resale, so it must not be described as raw-material spend alone or used as a direct comparison with a narrowly defined materials line at another company.
Unilever also states that product cost is affected by the underlying commodities and materials from which products are made. Its described responses include substitute materials in formulations and recipes, alternative supplies, forward buying and other hedging mechanisms, and pricing. Those tools can delay, reduce or redistribute the effect of a commodity move, but they do not make the underlying exposure disappear.
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Paint and coatings: the core material basket
Resins and binders
Resins form the film or binder that gives a coating adhesion, hardness, flexibility, chemical resistance and durability. PPG’s 2025 Form 10-K lists resins among its most significant raw materials. The relevant resin chemistry varies by application, so a change in one resin market does not predict the cost of every coating product.
Solvents and reactants
Solvents control viscosity and application behavior in many liquid coatings, while reactants are used to create or cure the coating system. PPG identifies both solvents and reactants as significant inputs. CPM Group’s 2025 annual report likewise says that resins and solvents accounted for significant portions of its total raw-material cost.
Titanium dioxide and other pigments
Titanium dioxide is an important white pigment for many coatings. PPG lists titanium dioxide and pigments among its significant raw materials, alongside additives and epoxy. Pigment cost can respond to mineral supply, production capacity, energy, freight, currency and regional availability. A pigment’s importance also depends on the color and performance requirements of the finished coating.
Additives and epoxy
Additives adjust properties such as flow, drying, foaming, corrosion resistance, stability and weatherability. Epoxy systems are used in applications requiring strong adhesion and chemical or mechanical resistance. PPG’s list is a company-specific disclosure of significant materials, not a universal bill of materials for every paint producer.
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Why PPG calls materials its largest production-cost component
PPG states that materials are its largest production-cost component. That statement describes PPG, its reporting period and its product mix; it is not evidence that materials have the same share at every coatings company. Labor, energy, freight, plant utilization, compliance and research costs can have different weights elsewhere.
How oil, gas and energy affect paint inputs
Many organic paint inputs are petroleum-derived or depend on petrochemical feedstocks. PPG says raw-material prices can be influenced by supplier feedstock costs and inventories, industry activity, currency movements, government regulation, tariffs, and global supply and demand. It also notes that some materials sit several steps downstream from crude oil, natural gas and other feedstocks.
This makes petroleum an explanatory channel, not a proxy for the entire paint-material basket. A crude-oil decline may lower the cost of a resin or solvent after a delay, while titanium dioxide, specialty additives or a constrained pigment can move for unrelated reasons. Contracts, inventory purchased earlier, supplier formulas and currency conversion further separate a company’s realized cost from a daily oil quote.
CPM Group reported that lower crude-oil prices during 2025 had a positive effect on its raw-material costs. That is a company- and period-specific observation. It should not be read as a forecast that every paint maker, every resin or every solvent will fall by the same percentage.
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What actually moves the cost paid by a company
| Input family | Typical exposure channel | Why the company’s result may differ from the market price |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and food commodities | Weather, crop yields, water availability, soil conditions, disease and regional supply | Harvest timing, origin mix, contracts, hedging, inventory and recipe substitution |
| Oils and processed chemicals | Crude oil, natural gas, energy, chemical capacity and supplier feedstocks | Multi-step conversion, formula-based contracts, lagged pass-through and currency |
| Plastic, aluminum, glass and paper packaging | Resin or metal markets, fiber supply, energy, conversion capacity, freight and regulation | Package design, recycled content, supplier agreements, regional rules and format mix |
| Paint resins and solvents | Petrochemical feedstocks, energy, plant capacity, inventories and demand | Resin chemistry, downstream processing, contract terms, stock on hand and product mix |
| Titanium dioxide, pigments and minerals | Mineral feedstock, production outages, capacity, freight, currency and regional supply | Color and performance specifications, qualification requirements and limited substitution |
| Additives, reactants and epoxy | Specialty-chemical capacity, feedstocks, regulation and supplier concentration | Small-volume specialty pricing, technical approvals and reformulation costs |
These channels explain why a company’s cost of sales can rise or fall differently from a published commodity index. The relevant measurement is the company’s realized input cost under its contracts and inventory accounting, not a spot price in isolation.
FMCG and paint costs compared without a misleading ranking
| Comparison axis | FMCG | Paint and coatings |
|---|---|---|
| Main input breadth | Often spans agricultural materials, food ingredients, oils, chemicals and several packaging formats | Usually centers on resins, solvents, reactants, pigments, titanium dioxide, additives and epoxy, depending on the portfolio |
| Important external drivers | Crop yields, weather, water, soil, oil and chemical feedstocks, packaging rules and conversion costs | Feedstock and energy costs, supplier inventories, mineral and chemical capacity, currency, tariffs and demand |
| Substitution options | Can include alternative ingredients, suppliers, recipes and package materials, subject to safety and performance | Can include alternative resin, solvent, pigment or additive systems, but technical qualification may limit speed |
| Evidence in the cited company reports | Unilever’s 2025 category includes raw materials, packaging and goods purchased for resale; Beiersdorf illustrates agricultural and package inputs | PPG’s 2025 filing lists significant materials and calls materials its largest production-cost component; CPM Group highlights resin and solvent exposure |
Because the companies report different definitions, years and product mixes, the evidence does not support saying that one named input is the costliest across both sectors. A meaningful analysis must state the company, fiscal year, geography where given and the exact cost-category definition.
How supply and regulation amplify raw-material risk
Weather and nature-related disruption
Unilever’s 2025 sustainability reporting identifies extreme weather, water shortages, soil depletion and other nature-related pressures as potential threats to crop yields and raw-material supply. These risks can affect volume and quality as well as price. A poor harvest may force a manufacturer to change origins or formulations, not simply pay more for the same material.
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Supplier capacity and inventories
PPG describes supplier feedstock costs and inventories, industry activity and global supply and demand as influences on raw-material prices. A plant outage or low distributor inventory can tighten supply even when end-market demand is unchanged. Conversely, excess inventory can delay the effect of a falling feedstock price on a supplier’s invoice.
Currency, tariffs and government rules
Imported inputs can become more expensive when the purchasing currency weakens. Tariffs and other government measures can alter landed cost or sourcing choices. Packaging rules such as extended producer responsibility and plastic taxes can raise the cost of a format even if the underlying plastic, paper or aluminum price is flat.
How to analyze a company’s exposure step by step
- Identify the portfolio. Separate food, beverage, personal care, home care and other FMCG categories, or distinguish decorative, automotive and industrial coatings. Product mix determines which inputs matter.
- Copy the company’s exact cost label. Record whether the filing says raw materials, raw and packaging materials, raw materials and energy, or a category that also includes goods purchased for resale.
- Map inputs to drivers. Put agricultural items under crop and weather exposure; petrochemical inputs under oil, gas and energy; packaging under material, conversion and regulatory exposure; and minerals under capacity and supply conditions.
- Check the time period and region. A 2025 annual-report statement describes that company’s reported period and markets. It is not a live global commodity quotation.
- Look for mitigation language. Note forward buying, hedging, alternative suppliers, substitution, reformulation, inventory and price increases. These determine how quickly a market move reaches reported margins.
- Separate price from profitability. Compare input cost with selling prices, product mix, volume, currency and operating costs before attributing a margin change to one material.
Common mistakes when interpreting raw-material costs
- Treating FMCG as one recipe. A personal-care company’s palm-oil or surfactant exposure cannot be assigned to every food, beverage or household-products company.
- Counting packaging as an ingredient. Plastic, aluminum, glass and paper are physical product inputs, but they should remain distinguishable from ingredients and processing chemicals.
- Calling a broad reported category “raw-material-only spend.” Unilever’s €19,643 million 2025 figure includes goods purchased for resale as well as raw and packaging materials.
- Using crude oil as a paint-cost index. Some resins and solvents are downstream from petroleum, but pigments, titanium dioxide, additives and specialty chemicals have other drivers and may respond with different timing.
- Comparing unlike companies without adjusting definitions. A PPG production-cost statement, a CPM raw-material disclosure and an FMCG category that includes resale goods are not equivalent measures.
- Assuming a lower market price immediately lowers reported cost. Contracts, hedges, inventory purchased earlier, currencies and supplier pass-through can create a lag or even a temporary opposite result.
Bottom line for readers and analysts
FMCG costs are usually driven by a wide basket: agricultural and food inputs, oils and processed chemicals, and packaging materials. Paint costs commonly center on resins, solvents, reactants, titanium dioxide, pigments, additives and epoxy. Weather, feedstocks, energy, supplier capacity, inventories, currencies, tariffs and regulation determine how those materials reach a company’s invoice.
The defensible question is not “Which single material is number one?” It is “Which input families does this company buy, what drives each family, and how do contracts, inventory, formulation, sourcing and pricing mediate the effect?”
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