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Put a website’s public files in the directory named by the active NGINX server block’s root directive. On a standard Ubuntu installation, that directory is usually /var/www/html. A custom site can use a path such as /srv/my-site/html, and a server hosting several domains should normally give each domain its own document root.
The path itself does not make a site work. NGINX must select the correct server block, be able to traverse and read the directory, and have request handling configured for the application. PHP sites additionally need a PHP-FPM handoff; placing .php files under the root is not sufficient.
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NGINX uses the root directive to choose a filesystem directory. It then appends the requested URI to that directory when looking for a file. For example, with:
root /srv/my-site/html;a request for /images/logo.png maps to /srv/my-site/html/images/logo.png. The same rule applies whether the root is under /var/www, /srv, or another filesystem location.
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The root belongs inside the server block that should answer the request. If a different server block wins because of its address, port, or server_name, NGINX can look in a different directory even though the file exists on disk. The active configuration, not the directory name alone, determines what visitors receive.
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Choose a layout that matches your deployment
| Deployment | Typical root | Isolation | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| One site on the default Ubuntu install | /var/www/html |
None beyond the single site | A simple static site or first installation using Ubuntu’s default server block |
| One custom site | /srv/my-site/html |
Separate directory for the site | Projects that should not use the distribution’s default web tree |
| Several domains | /var/www/example.com/html and one equivalent directory per domain |
Each domain has its own files and server-block configuration | Hosting multiple independent sites on one server |
Using /var/www/html
On Ubuntu’s default NGINX setup, /var/www/html is the conventional single-site location. The default server block also provides index-file handling and a try_files $uri $uri/ =404 fallback. That fallback checks whether the requested path is a file or directory and returns HTTP 404 when neither exists.
This location is a convention, not a requirement. It is convenient when you are replacing the default page or deploying one small site, but it gives you no automatic separation if you later add unrelated domains.
Using a custom /srv directory
A custom root such as /srv/my-site/html keeps the project clearly separated from the default site. Ubuntu documents this style explicitly. The important part is that the server block says root /srv/my-site/html;; NGINX does not infer the location from the directory name.
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Using one root per domain
For multiple sites, create a directory for each domain, such as /var/www/example.com/html. Give each domain a matching file in /etc/nginx/sites-available/, then enable that file with a symlink in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/. Separate roots prevent one site’s public files from being mixed with another’s and make deployments, backups, and permissions easier to reason about.
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Set up a single custom site step by step
1. Create the public directory
Create the directory that will contain files intended for web access:
sudo mkdir -p /srv/my-site/htmlThe final html directory is the document root in this example. You can choose another name, but use the same path consistently in the server block and deployment process.
2. Put only public assets there
Place the site’s index file, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, and application entry points under the root. A minimal static site might contain:
/srv/my-site/html/index.html
/srv/my-site/html/css/site.css
/srv/my-site/html/images/logo.pngDo not put database dumps, private keys, deployment credentials, environment files containing secrets, or backups in this tree. Anything inside the document root is potentially addressable through an HTTP request unless another rule blocks it.
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3. Set traversal and read permissions
The NGINX worker must be able to traverse every parent directory and read the files it serves. Ubuntu’s custom-site example applies mode 755 to the custom tree before creating the index file:
sudo chmod -R 755 /srv/my-siteTreat that as a starting point for a read-oriented static site, not a reason to make every directory writable. If an application must write uploads, cache data, or generated files, grant write access only to the specific directory that needs it. Keep the rest of the document root read-only to the web process where practical.
4. Define the server block
Create a site configuration in /etc/nginx/sites-available/. A basic static configuration has the following shape:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /srv/my-site/html;
index index.html index.htm;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}Change the domain names and root to match your deployment. The index directive tells NGINX which files to try when a request ends at a directory. The try_files rule makes missing files return 404 instead of silently being passed elsewhere.
5. Enable the site
For a multi-site layout, enable the configuration by linking it into sites-enabled:
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sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.comUse a distinct filename for each domain. Make sure an old default server block is not unexpectedly handling the same address and port; the selected block must contain the root you intend to use.
6. Validate and reload NGINX
Check the syntax before applying the change:
sudo nginx -tOnly after the test succeeds, reload the service:
sudo systemctl reload nginxA reload applies the configuration without the full stop-and-start cycle. If the syntax test reports an error, correct the named file or directive and test again before reloading.
How to place files for several domains
Use a repeatable one-domain/one-root pattern. For example:
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/var/www/another-example.net/html/index.htmlThen create a server-block file for each domain in /etc/nginx/sites-available/. Each file should specify its own server_name, root, index handling, and request routing. Enable both files with separate symlinks in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/, test the complete configuration, and reload NGINX once the test passes.
This arrangement isolates ordinary content, but it does not by itself isolate operating-system users, application processes, or databases. If two applications require different write permissions, give each only the directories it needs and avoid sharing writable paths between sites.
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Static files versus a PHP application
LEMP commonly means Linux, NGINX, MySQL, and PHP, but NGINX does not execute PHP merely because a file ends in .php. A PHP-enabled site needs a location block that matches PHP requests and forwards them to the installed PHP-FPM socket. The socket filename depends on the distribution and PHP version, so use the socket that actually exists on your server rather than copying a version-specific path blindly.
The public root should still contain only files meant to be requested by visitors. Keep application configuration, secrets, command-line scripts, deployment keys, and database credentials outside it whenever the framework permits. The PHP-FPM handoff changes how matching requests are processed; it does not change which directory NGINX searches first.
Why NGINX returns 404 when the file exists
A 404 usually means NGINX looked somewhere other than the directory you checked, or the request path did not match the file exactly. Work through these checks in order:
- Confirm the active root. Open the server-block file selected for the request and verify that its
rootpoints to the directory containing the file. - Check the URI-to-path mapping. Remove the leading URI from the request and append the remainder to the root. A request for
/about/index.htmlwith root/srv/my-site/htmlexpects/srv/my-site/html/about/index.html. - Check spelling and case. Linux filesystems are normally case-sensitive, so
Logo.pngandlogo.pngare different names. - Check directory traversal and file readability. NGINX needs execute/traverse permission on parent directories and read permission on the file. A correct filename still fails when a parent directory blocks traversal.
- Check the server name and enabled file. Ensure the domain’s configuration is linked in
sites-enabledand that another server block is not answering the request. - Check request handling. A
try_filesrule can intentionally return 404 for paths that are not real files or directories. Dynamic applications may need an application fallback rather than the static rule. - Retest and reload. Run
sudo nginx -t, thensudo systemctl reload nginxafter correcting the configuration.
Permissions and write access without weakening the site
Serving a file requires read access; serving a path also requires traverse access on every directory above it. Write access is a separate requirement and should be narrowly scoped. A static site normally needs no web-process write permission at all. An application that accepts uploads can use one dedicated upload directory while leaving code and configuration unwritable.
Quick Recap
- Keep secrets, backups, deployment keys, and database files outside the public root.
- Give NGINX read access to public assets and traverse access to their parent directories.
- Grant application write access only to directories that explicitly need generated content or uploads.
- Do not treat a broad recursive write permission as a fix for a 404; it creates a security problem while failing to address an incorrect root or server block.
A practical decision checklist
- One Ubuntu site, minimal customization: start with
/var/www/htmland the default server block. - One project with its own deployment tree: use a custom directory such as
/srv/my-site/htmland pointrootto it explicitly. - Several domains: create one document-root directory and one enabled server-block file per domain.
- Static content: serve index files and use
try_files $uri $uri/ =404unless the application requires another fallback. - PHP: configure PHP-FPM forwarding in addition to placing public files under the root.
- Any deployment: keep non-public data outside the root, verify permissions, test with
nginx -t, and reload only after a successful test.
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