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The most reliable starting point is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Peace Database for cataloged artifacts, photographs, survivor drawings, testimonies, books and audiovisual material. For scientific documentation of physical samples and reconstructed radiation exposure, use the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) DS02 reports, especially Chapter 4, “Sample Collection and Documentation.” For memoirs, testimony videos and victim records, use the Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims. These collections answer different questions: a museum record establishes an object’s history, a technical report describes samples or dose calculations, and a testimony records a person’s experience.
Begin with the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Peace Database
The Peace Database is the best first stop when you need evidence about a particular object, image or account connected with the atomic bombing. It is a museum catalog, not a radiation-monitoring system. Its holdings are described as A-bomb or peace-related material and are organized into categories that include A-bomb artifacts, photographs, survivor drawings, survivor testimonies, art, books, magazines, audio and video.
Search by object, place or phrase
Use the catalog’s own vocabulary before trying broad web searches. Useful terms include “A-bomb Artifacts,” “Photos,” “Survivor Testimonies” and “black rain.” You can also search for an object name, a donor, a location or a phrase from an item description. Narrowing by category helps separate a physical object from a photograph of one or a later interpretation.
Read the complete record, not just the title
An individual entry may identify the donor, location, distance from the hypocenter and a narrative describing what happened to the object. A record titled “White wall stained by black rain,” for example, supplies provenance and historical context for the wall. That makes it a documented museum object and an attributed history. The entry alone does not establish that the wall remains radioactive or that laboratory testing confirmed radioactive contamination.
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Request images through the museum
The museum says selected high-resolution images of artifacts, photographs and drawings are available for print and television use. Detailed image and reproduction questions should go to the Curatorial Division. Ask for the catalog identifier, image conditions, credit line and any restrictions so that a reproduced photograph remains traceable to the original record.
Use RERF DS02 reports for scientific sample documentation
RERF is a United States–Japan cooperative research institute devoted to the health effects of atomic-bomb radiation. Its Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02) page provides two report volumes and errata. For debris-related questions, the most useful section is DS02 Chapter 4, “Sample Collection and Documentation.”
What Chapter 4 can tell you
The chapter recounts collection efforts involving RERF’s predecessor organization, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, and Hiroshima University. It lists collection sites, describes how samples were documented, cross-references published descriptions of buildings and locations, and includes pre-bombing aerial photographs that help place sites in the city. This makes it a route into the technical literature rather than a simple list of objects available for public inspection.
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Account for differences between collection periods
The chapter notes that in-situ locations for samples from the DS86 period and later are generally better documented than locations for earlier samples. Treat a site description from an early collection as less precise unless the report supplies additional maps, photographs or archival corroboration. Record the collection period and the stated location accuracy in your notes instead of presenting every sample as equally well located.
Do not mistake the report for a live inventory
DS02 documents important historical sampling and scientific analysis. It does not establish a universal, publicly searchable chain-of-custody database for every fragment, nor does it promise current location or public inspection access for every sample. If you need to cite a specimen, identify the report volume and chapter, the site description, the collection period and any associated publication that supplies more detail.
Separate debris, fallout and neutron activation
“Debris” is a broad everyday term. It can mean a surviving artifact, a material sample collected for dosimetry, dust or other material deposited after the explosion, or a later scientific reconstruction. Those categories should not be merged when evaluating a claim.
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Fallout
RERF describes fallout as radioactive material deposited after the explosion. The FAQ explains that the bombs detonated above ground and that material cooled and fell with rain; wind could carry that material away from the hypocenters. This process is the historical context for accounts of “black rain.” A black-rain stain in a catalog record is evidence of an object and a reported event, not automatically a measurement of radioactive content.
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Neutron activation is a different mechanism. Bomb neutrons can make otherwise non-radioactive material radioactive by changing its nuclei. Activation concerns material exposed to the neutron field near the explosion, while fallout concerns radioactive matter deposited from the atmosphere. A source that discusses one mechanism cannot be used as proof of the other without supporting measurements or calculations.
Black rain
Use “black rain” as a search term for testimonies, drawings, photographs and cataloged objects, then check what kind of evidence each result represents. A survivor’s description can establish what the person saw or experienced. A museum record can establish how an object was collected and attributed. Neither replaces a dosimetry report when the question is the radiation dose from a material or location.
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Find memoirs and testimony at the Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall
The Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims provides atomic-bomb memoirs, survivor testimony videos, translated material, and victim-name and photograph records. It is the appropriate source when your question is how a person experienced the bombing, what they remembered seeing, or how a family recorded a loss.
Use these records as personal testimony and remembrance. A memoir may describe rain, ash, burns, a building or an object in vivid detail, but it is not a substitute for a laboratory measurement. When quoting a testimony, preserve the speaker’s identity, translation status and the event location if the record supplies them. Avoid turning one person’s observation into a city-wide claim.
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Match each source to the claim you are making
| Source | Best evidence for | Provenance usually supplied | What it cannot establish by itself |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Peace Database | Cataloged artifacts, photographs, drawings, testimonies and audiovisual holdings | Object name, donor, location, distance from the hypocenter and narrative description when available | A current radiation reading or laboratory confirmation that an artifact is radioactive |
| RERF DS02, especially Chapter 4 | Scientific sample-collection history, site documentation and dosimetry literature | Collection site, documentation period, collaborating institutions, maps and linked publications | A complete live inventory, guaranteed custody details for every sample or public access to every specimen |
| RERF FAQ and underlying DS86/DS02 work | Definitions of fallout and activation, historical dose estimates and explanations of present-day radioactivity questions | Institutional explanation tied to the dosimetry systems and cited technical work | A measurement of radioactivity in a particular modern object or location unless one is explicitly reported |
| Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall | Memoirs, survivor testimony videos, translations and victim remembrance records | Speaker, victim or family record, photograph and translation information where provided | A scientifically measured dose or proof that a described object contains radioactive material |
What the evidence says about radioactivity today
Do not convert historical fallout estimates into present-day readings. RERF’s FAQ, accessed in 2026, gives a maximum Hiroshima fallout-dose estimate of 0.006–0.02 Gy and says the corresponding dose at the hypocenter is believed to have been about one-sixth of that range. For comparison, the FAQ gives 0.12–0.24 Gy as the maximum fallout-dose estimate for Nagasaki. These are historical estimates used for exposure analysis, not measurements of debris or city radioactivity today.
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When asked whether Hiroshima and Nagasaki are still radioactive, RERF’s exact short answer is: “The practical answer is, ‘No.’” The FAQ qualifies that answer by explaining that present-day trace radioactivity is difficult to distinguish from worldwide fallout produced by atmospheric weapons testing. A modern claim about a particular fragment, building or soil sample therefore requires a current, location-specific measurement; the historical dose figures cannot supply it.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.A practical workflow for trustworthy research
- Define the evidence type. Write down whether you need an artifact record, a scientific sample or dose analysis, a historical fallout explanation, or a personal testimony. This prevents a photograph or memoir from being treated as a laboratory result.
- Search the museum database first for named objects. Try the object name, donor, location and “black rain,” then open the full record. Capture the catalog title, donor, location, distance from the hypocenter and the museum’s wording about provenance.
- Check the RERF DS02 documentation for scientific claims. Locate the relevant site in Chapter 4, note the collection period and compare the description with any cited building study, map or pre-bombing aerial photograph.
- Follow the technical references. If a chapter points to DS86/DS02 calculations or a published site description, read that underlying work before quoting a dose, activation result or geographic conclusion.
- Use the Memorial Hall for lived experience. Search memoirs and testimony videos for the person, neighborhood or event you are studying. Preserve the testimony’s attribution and translation context.
- Label the time frame in every conclusion. State whether a sentence concerns the 1945 explosion, later historical exposure estimates, or a measurement made today. Never leave the time frame implicit when discussing radioactivity.
- Keep the original wording where uncertainty matters. Terms such as “believed,” “estimated,” “described,” and “collected” carry different evidentiary weight. Do not replace them with stronger words such as “proved” or “confirmed.”
Questions to ask before trusting a record
- What kind of evidence is it? A catalog entry, a measured or reconstructed scientific result, or a recollection?
- How specific is the provenance? Look for donor and object history, sample site and collection period, or the speaker’s identity and location.
- Which time period does the claim cover? Separate the 1945 event and subsequent historical exposure from radioactivity measured today.
- What is the source’s role? Primary institutional documentation, a technical report and an interpretation based on those records are not interchangeable.
- Are the limits visible? A trustworthy entry states what was observed or measured without implying facts it does not contain.
Limits that matter when describing Hiroshima debris
The available institutional records do not establish a comprehensive public chain-of-custody catalog, a current location for every sample or public inspection access for all debris. Early sample locations can be less precisely documented than later ones. Those limits do not invalidate the documented collections; they define how narrowly a conclusion should be written.
Use “radioactive debris” only when the cited source supports that characterization. Otherwise choose the more precise term: cataloged artifact, collected scientific sample, fallout deposit, activated material, photograph, or testimony. Precision protects both the historical record and the reader from a claim that sounds scientific but rests only on an object description.
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The museum’s Books category and the published site descriptions referenced by DS02 can help readers locate print histories and technical studies. A useful general search phrase is “Hiroshima atomic bomb history book,” but verify the author, edition and institutional relevance before relying on a commercial listing. The free museum database, RERF reports and Memorial Hall records should remain the primary sources.
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