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Website owners should set separate policies for search crawlers, AI training crawlers, and agents browsing in real time for a person. A single provider may operate systems in more than one category, so a vendor name or user-agent string alone does not tell you what a request is doing. Use robots.txt to express crawler preferences, enforce privacy with authentication and server-side controls, and check your CDN, WAF, and application rules to see what actually gets through.
How AI-related automated traffic differs
“AI bot” can describe requests with very different purposes. Cloudflare groups AI-related traffic into three behaviors: search, agent, and training. Search systems collect or index material to answer questions later; training crawlers collect content that may be used to train or fine-tune models; agents browse in real time on a person’s behalf. A single bot can have more than one behavior, so policies are more useful when they address purpose rather than assuming each provider has one fixed use. Cloudflare’s bot concepts documentation describes these categories.
Search discovery
A search crawler may help make public pages discoverable in a search product. Blocking it can reduce that visibility, even if other kinds of access remain possible.
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Model training
A training crawler may collect content for model training. A site owner may want to disallow that use while still permitting search discovery; where a provider supports distinct controls, the choices can be separated.
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An agent may retrieve pages during a user-directed task rather than crawling the site automatically for an index or dataset. Its request can encounter different rules from a crawler, and some provider implementations treat user-initiated actions differently from automatic crawling.
Can you block AI bots without blocking search?
For some providers, yes: their controls distinguish search from training. OpenAI documents OAI-SearchBot for surfacing sites in ChatGPT search and GPTBot for crawling content that may be used to train its foundation models. OpenAI says a site that opts out of OAI-SearchBot will not be shown in ChatGPT search answers, although navigational links may still appear. It says disallowing GPTBot indicates that content should not be used for that training. These are OpenAI-specific descriptions, not rules that apply to every provider. See OpenAI’s crawler documentation.
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OpenAI also documents ChatGPT-User for certain user actions in ChatGPT and Custom GPTs. It describes this as not being an automatic web crawler and notes that robots.txt rules may not apply because the action is user-initiated. That distinction matters if your goal is to manage automated collection: a crawler preference is not necessarily a control over an individual user’s live browsing action.
Cloudflare documents Content Signals for three use categories: search, ai-input for real-time use such as retrieval or grounding, and ai-train. These signals and their interpretation are evolving and provider-specific, not a guarantee of compliance. Cloudflare notes that Google Search Console may report newer directives as “Syntax not understood.” Details are in Cloudflare’s bot concepts documentation and its bot documentation.
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What robots.txt can and cannot do
robots.txt is a publicly accessible file that communicates requested crawler behavior. It is useful as a machine-readable preference for systems that honor it, but it does not grant or deny access. The IETF’s Robots Exclusion Protocol standard, RFC 9309, states: “These rules are not a form of access authorization.” The standard also says robots.txt is not a substitute for valid content security measures.
Do not use a disallow rule to protect confidential or account-only pages. A path named in a public robots.txt file may reveal that the path exists, and a crawler that ignores the preference can still request it. Protect private content with authentication, authorization, and server-side controls. Also remember that a user-directed browsing request may not be treated as a crawler request.
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How to decide what your site should allow
Make the decision by purpose, scope, and business impact—not by the assumption that all AI-related requests are the same. Public editorial pages, ad-supported pages, account areas, and transactional workflows may warrant different policies.
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- Training: Decide whether you want public content used for training where a provider offers a specific control.
- Real-time agent use: Decide whether automated, user-directed browsing should reach public pages or interact with particular workflows.
- Page scope: Specify whether a preference applies site-wide, to selected paths, or to a defined category such as pages displaying ads. Keep private areas protected with access controls, not crawler preferences.
- Operational impact: Weigh visibility, unwanted access, false positives, monitoring needs, and the work required to maintain settings. The available documentation does not establish one provider as best for price, detection accuracy, false positives, privacy, or ease of operation.
How to check what your current setup actually enforces
- Inspect the served robots.txt: Fetch
https://your-domain.example/robots.txtand review its user-agent groups and directives. Check the response users and crawlers actually receive, not just a file in your site repository. - Check CDN-managed rules: Determine whether your CDN prepends or combines managed directives with your file, or serves managed disallow rules when no file exists. Cloudflare documents these behaviors in its bot documentation.
- Review edge and application controls: Inspect CDN and WAF decisions, bot mitigation, authentication, CAPTCHA or JavaScript challenges, geographic rules, HTTP response codes, and rate limits. These layers may block a request even when robots.txt permits it. Cloudflare’s bot documentation covers its product controls.
- Verify identity where possible: Do not treat a user-agent string alone as proof of identity. OpenAI documents Web Bot Auth for ChatGPT Work’s Cloud browser, using signed HTTP requests with a Signature-Agent value, signature headers, and public keys; supported CDN integrations can recognize or verify them. Availability and integrations are product-specific. See OpenAI’s crawler documentation.
- Test real outcomes: Check server and CDN logs and the responses returned to the named crawler or verified agent. Confirm that intended public pages are reachable and that restricted pages require authentication. A change to robots.txt alone does not show that all enforcement layers agree.
Why settings and defaults can change the result
The effective outcome depends on more than a policy file: CDN or WAF settings, bot mitigation, application challenges, authentication, geography, and rate limits all matter. A permissive robots.txt does not guarantee access if another layer blocks the request; a disallow rule does not secure content that remains publicly accessible.
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Cloudflare says updated defaults for new domains took effect on September 15, 2026: Training and Agent behavior are blocked on pages displaying ads, while Search remains allowed. This is specific to Cloudflare, and account settings and history should be checked rather than inferred from a general announcement. See Cloudflare’s bot documentation.
OpenAI says it can take approximately 24 hours after a robots.txt update for its systems to adjust search results. That is provider-specific operational guidance, not a general crawler update time. Check OpenAI’s crawler documentation for its current guidance.
What this framework does not settle
These controls help manage crawler preferences and access, but they do not determine copyright, contract, or privacy-law outcomes for a particular site or jurisdiction. Those questions depend on the facts and applicable law. Provider names, user-agent strings, IP ranges, and policies can also change, so revisit configurations and verify current provider documentation when your requirements change.
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