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Gacha is a randomized reward system: you spend an in-game currency, often purchased with real money, for a draw from a defined pool of characters, weapons or other items. The two figures that matter most are the displayed probability for each draw and the pity rule that guarantees a rarity by a maximum draw count. They are not the same thing.

Before spending, identify the exact banner, its base and consolidated odds, the hard guarantee, featured-item rules, carryover behavior and the real-money cost after every currency conversion. Rules are game- and region-specific; the figures below illustrate Genshin Impact’s published rules, not a universal standard for free-to-play RPGs.

What a gacha system does in a free-to-play RPG

A gacha system distributes digital rewards through randomized draws. A game may give some draws through play, while also selling the currency needed to open a draw for real money. The Federal Trade Commission’s Genshin Impact case described a free-to-download game that sold virtual currency for randomized prize boxes. Other RPGs can use different currencies, pools, draw prices and guarantees, so one game’s terminology cannot safely be applied to another.

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A banner is the time-limited or permanent offer that defines the pool for a draw. A character banner might contain several rarity levels and designate one character as promoted. A weapon banner might promote one or more weapons. The banner’s details screen is the controlling document: event names, dates and rules can change, and two banners in the same game may use different counters.

Probability terms you must separate

Base or displayed probability

This is the chance shown for a specific rarity or item on an individual draw under the banner’s stated conditions. It answers, “What rate does the game display for this draw?” It does not automatically include later guarantees, pity acceleration or the chance of receiving a featured item within the full process.

Consolidated probability

Some games publish a second figure that incorporates guaranteed outcomes or other rules over a defined number of draws. A consolidated rate can therefore be higher than the single-draw base rate. Check the definition and time window before comparing it with another game’s displayed rate; unlike-for-like figures can make a system look more generous or more restrictive than it is.

Hard pity or maximum draw count

A hard pity is a guarantee that a defined rarity will appear by a specified draw number. It is a ceiling on the number of draws needed for that rarity, not a statement that every earlier draw has the same chance. When the guaranteed rarity appears, the counter may reset; whether it carries to another banner depends on the game’s rules.

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Featured chance is different from rarity chance

Rarity odds tell you how likely you are to obtain, for example, any five-star item. Featured odds tell you how likely that five-star result is to be the promoted character or weapon. A banner can guarantee a five-star by a certain draw while still allowing the first five-star to be a non-featured item.

How Genshin Impact’s published rules illustrate the differences

HoYoverse’s Help Center article, updated September 17, 2025, gives separate rules for character-event and weapon-event wishes. These are game-specific figures, not general gacha constants.

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Banner type Hard guarantee First top-rarity featured chance Counter and carryover information
Character Event Wish A five-star character is guaranteed within 90 wishes. The first five-star character has a 50% chance of being the promoted character. If it is not promoted, the next five-star character is guaranteed to be promoted. The five-star counter resets when a five-star is obtained. The two character-event banners share pity and guarantee status.
Weapon Event Wish A five-star weapon is guaranteed within 80 wishes. The first five-star weapon has a stated 75% chance of being one of the promotional weapons. The Help Center describes weapon-event rules separately; do not assume weapon progress shares the character-event counter.

The character example shows why a 90-wish guarantee does not mean a 50% chance on every wish. It guarantees the rarity by the ceiling, then applies a separate featured rule to the five-star result. The weapon example likewise separates its 80-wish rarity guarantee from its 75% first-five-star promotional chance. The Help Center figures do not establish a universal rate for other RPGs.

How to read any banner before you pull

  1. Identify the exact banner category. Confirm whether it is a character, weapon, standard, beginner or another event type. Do not infer rules from a similarly named banner.
  2. Open the in-game details or probability page. Record the displayed base rate for each relevant rarity and item. If a consolidated rate is listed, note its definition separately.
  3. Find the hard guarantee. Write down the maximum number of draws for the rarity you want and whether the counter resets immediately when that rarity appears.
  4. Read the featured-item clause. Determine whether the first top-rarity result is merely more likely to be featured, whether it is guaranteed, and what happens after a non-featured result. “Guaranteed five-star” and “guaranteed featured character” are different promises.
  5. Check carryover. See which banners share pity, whether guarantee status survives a banner change or version update, and whether character and weapon counters are separate. Record the rule before changing banners.
  6. Calculate the real-money path. Trace the purchase from cash to the first virtual currency, then to any intermediate currency and finally to a draw. Include one-time bonuses, bundle sizes and any leftover balance when estimating a maximum spend.

Save a screenshot or written record of the rules and your current counter. This is especially useful when an event ends, two banners appear at once or the game changes its interface.

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How to compare two gacha systems without mixing metrics

Use the same axes for both games and compare only current, game-specific disclosures. A table like this prevents a headline rate from standing in for the whole system.

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Comparison axis Question to answer
Base probability What single-draw rate does the game display for the relevant rarity or item?
Consolidated probability Does the game publish a rate that includes guarantees, and what draw range does it cover?
Hard pity What is the maximum draw count for the target rarity?
Soft pity Does the game officially disclose a rising rate before hard pity? If not, label it as not stated rather than assuming a community estimate.
Featured chance What is the first top-rarity chance of receiving the promoted item?
After a miss Is the next top-rarity result guaranteed to be featured after a non-featured result?
Carryover Which banners share pity or guarantee status, and do counters survive a banner change?
Maximum cash exposure How much real money would the required draw count imply using the game’s current bundles and exchange rates?

The supplied official disclosures establish these details for Genshin Impact’s character and weapon examples, but they do not establish comparable current figures for every major RPG. Do not rank games using a 90-draw figure from one title and an undisclosed or differently defined figure from another.

Why currency conversion can hide the cost

Many systems place a virtual-currency exchange between the player and the draw. Cash buys a premium currency; that currency may be converted into a second unit; the second unit opens the randomized box. Bundle sizes can leave unused currency, and bonus amounts can differ between first-time and repeat purchases. The number printed beside a draw therefore may not reveal its cash cost.

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To estimate a ceiling, start with the maximum draw count in the banner rules, select the least wasteful current bundles, include recurring prices rather than a one-time promotion, and document any remainder. If the game offers a direct real-money purchase option, compare it with the converted route instead of assuming the virtual path is cheaper. Without the live bundle prices and exchange rates for your region, a responsible article cannot give a universal dollar figure.

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Consumer-protection concerns and regional rules

In January 2025, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission announced that Cognosphere agreed to a $20 million payment in its Genshin Impact matter. The announcement described proposed order terms that included blocking loot-box purchases by children under 16 without parental consent, offering direct real-money purchase options, and disclosing odds and virtual-currency exchange rates. The announcement said a stipulated order would have force of law when approved and signed by the district judge; that statement does not establish any later procedural status.

Samuel Levine, Director of the FTC’s Bureau of Consumer Protection, said: “Companies that deploy these dark-pattern tactics will be held accountable if they deceive players, particularly kids and teens, about the true costs of in-game transactions.” The point for players is practical: odds and exchange rates should be understandable before a purchase, not discoverable only after several layers of conversion.

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Requirements also vary by jurisdiction. South Korea’s Game Industry Promotion Act includes a probability-item disclosure requirement for covered games; the cited version is effective October 23, 2025. That statute is a Korean example, not a global rulebook. A game’s obligations in the United States, South Korea or another country can differ by product, age group and current legislation, so verify the law that applies where the account is used.

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Common mistakes and how to avoid them

“Pity means I have that chance every pull”

A pity ceiling guarantees an outcome by a draw count; it does not disclose the chance on each earlier draw. Use the displayed base rate for individual draws and the pity rule for the maximum exposure.

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“A five-star guarantee means the featured character is guaranteed”

Unless the banner says otherwise, a rarity guarantee can still allow a non-featured result. Genshin’s character-event rule explicitly separates the 50% first-five-star featured chance from the guarantee that follows a non-featured five-star.

“All banners use one counter”

Carryover is a rule to verify, not an assumption. Genshin’s two character-event banners share pity and guarantee status, while its weapon-event rules are described separately.

“A community spreadsheet is the official rate”

Player observations can help identify questions, but they do not replace the live in-game disclosure. Treat an officially stated soft-pity rule differently from an estimate that has not been published by the game operator.

“The headline currency price is the cash cost”

Trace every conversion and account for bundle leftovers, bonuses and regional pricing. A multi-tier currency chain can obscure the amount spent on one draw or one guaranteed result.

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What the published figures can—and cannot—tell you

The documented figures support precise statements about the cited Genshin banners: 90 wishes for a character-event five-star, 80 wishes for a weapon-event five-star, a 50% first-five-star promoted-character chance, and a 75% first-five-star chance for one of the promotional weapons. They do not provide an average spend, a success rate for all RPGs, a global legal comparison or a current rule set for every named game.

For a specific purchase decision, read the current banner details in your region, record the counter and featured rule, and price the full currency path before drawing. That process is more reliable than treating “gacha,” “pity” or a single percentage as a complete description of the system.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.