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Running out of public IPv4 addresses is a capacity and transition problem, not something a new consumer router can fix. First inventory and reclaim space you already control, then obtain IPv6 resources and make services reachable over IPv6. In parallel, check your regional Internet registry (RIR) for any remaining allocation, waiting-list or special-purpose route. If you still need IPv4, evaluate a properly registered transfer. Carrier-grade NAT (CGN) and related sharing designs can stretch a limited pool, but they add operational and customer-facing complications and do not remove the underlying scarcity.
Confirm what is actually running out
Before requesting addresses or redesigning the network, establish whether the shortage concerns globally reachable IPv4 space or only an internal subnet. Public IPv4 is required for resources that must be reachable from the Internet, such as externally published services, customer endpoints and certain legacy integrations. Internal systems can often use private address ranges with ordinary NAT, which reduces consumption of public addresses inside a site but does not create any new public IPv4 capacity.
Build an address inventory
- List every allocation and assignment, including the registry record, prefix length, routing status and business owner.
- Map addresses to production services, customer pools, management networks, laboratories and temporary projects.
- Measure actual utilization and identify ranges that are reserved but never routed, held by retired services or larger than the documented need.
- Check for overlapping private space, duplicate assignments and addresses that could be renumbered without changing a public service.
- Forecast demand by quarter or project milestone, separating steady-state use from one-time expansion.
Reclaiming an unused range is usually faster and safer than obtaining a new one. Keep an audit trail for every reclamation so that a supposedly idle address is not silently tied to a firewall rule, DNS record, certificate, allow-list or abuse investigation.
Why public IPv4 is scarce
IANA completed allocations from its unallocated IPv4 pool on 3 February 2011, a milestone described in IETF RFC 6269. That date did not mean every regional registry exhausted its own pool simultaneously. ARIN states that its free IPv4 pool was depleted on 24 September 2015, while RIPE NCC says it exhausted its remaining pool in November 2019. Each registry now applies its own policies to recovered space, special-purpose requests, waiting lists and transfers.
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A historical scale indicator comes from RFC 9386: figures reported for the end of 2021 showed 5.2 million IPv4 addresses available and 12.1 million reserved, 17.3 million combined. The same report calculated available space as 0.469% of total allocated addresses. Those are dated estimates, not a current inventory or a promise of what an RIR can issue today.
Start IPv6 before the emergency
IPv6 is the durable way to grow without depending on additional public IPv4. RIPE NCC summarizes the policy direction plainly: “Everyone has a part to play in supporting the deployment of IPv6, which is the best long-term solution to the problems created by IPv4 exhaustion.” The statement appears on its IPv4 run-out guidance. RFC 6269 likewise says that deploying IPv6 is the only perennial way to ease pressure on the public IPv4 pool without relying on address-sharing mechanisms that create the issues it discusses.
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Make an IPv6 transition plan
- Obtain IPv6 space. Request a prefix from your RIR or upstream provider and document the assignment, routing policy and delegation plan.
- Enable dual-stack reachability where appropriate. Add IPv6 addresses and DNS records to services that can support it, while retaining IPv4 for legacy clients and dependencies that still require it.
- Test applications, security controls and operations. Verify firewalls, load balancers, monitoring, logging, abuse handling, authentication callbacks and vendor allow-lists on IPv6 paths.
- Give users an IPv6 path. Coordinate with access providers, customer-premises equipment and internal support teams so that client networks can actually reach the IPv6-enabled service.
- Track IPv4 retirement opportunities. As IPv6 traffic grows, remove unnecessary public IPv4 assignments rather than automatically allocating replacements.
There is no single transition configuration suitable for every network. The correct combination of dual stack, translation or other mechanisms depends on the service, client population, provider topology and operational capabilities.
Check your regional Internet registry
RIR procedures are not interchangeable. Confirm the current policy, eligibility criteria and application process with the registry serving your organization before committing to a project plan.
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| Region and source | What the current guidance establishes | Important qualification |
|---|---|---|
| ARIN | ARIN reports free-pool depletion on 24 September 2015. It documents a Waiting List for Unmet Requests, transfers to specified recipients, IPv6-transition and other limited policy-reserved allocations, and possible replenishment from returned or revoked resources. ARIN IPv4 Addressing Options | Eligibility and justification depend on the current Number Resource Policy Manual; a request or wait-list position is not a guaranteed delivery date. |
| RIPE NCC service region | RIPE NCC reports exhaustion in November 2019. Its waiting list is for eligible members that have not previously received an IPv4 allocation from RIPE NCC; a successful member may receive one /24 (256 addresses) from recovered resources if enough become available. RIPE NCC waiting-list guidance | RIPE NCC says it cannot predict how many addresses will be recovered or how long a wait will take. |
| APNIC region | APNIC states that the maximum allocation available to new or existing members under its exhaustion policy is a /23, or 512 addresses. Members needing more are directed to consider transfers. APNIC IPv4 exhaustion guidance | Transfers remain subject to APNIC policy and justification; APNIC identifies IPv6 as the long-term solution. |
Do not treat a waiting list as a schedule
Queue conditions change as organizations return or relinquish address space. When accessed in October 2026, ARIN’s live IPv4 Waiting List page showed a distribution completed on 7 October 2026 and another expected on or about 4 January 2027. The page warns that order depends on the sizes and quantities of blocks returned to inventory. This is a changing status snapshot, not a service-level promise. Do not schedule a launch on the assumption that a particular date or block size will arrive.
Evaluate an IPv4 transfer when IPv6 cannot cover the requirement
A transfer moves registered address space from an organization with surplus capacity to an approved recipient under the applicable RIR policy. It can address a near-term shortage when a registry allocation is unavailable or too small, but it does not increase the global supply of IPv4.
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Due diligence checklist
- Eligibility and provenance: confirm that both parties and the proposed block meet the RIR’s transfer rules, and that registration history is clear.
- Prefix and geography: ensure the block size, RIR region and routing requirements match the intended deployment.
- Reputation: investigate historical abuse, blocklists and mail-delivery consequences before putting the addresses into production.
- Technical readiness: plan route authorization, IRR records, RPKI certificates, reverse DNS, geolocation updates, firewall rules and monitoring.
- Timing and failure points: allow for registry review, contract completion, registration updates and propagation; a transfer may not meet an immovable project deadline.
- Total cost: obtain current, region-specific quotes and include legal, registry, brokerage, routing and remediation costs. The cited registry guidance does not establish a comparable current market price.
Use address sharing as a managed bridge
Carrier-grade NAT (CGN), NAT444, DS-Lite, NAT64 and related designs allow many users or sites to share fewer public IPv4 addresses. They are different architectures, not interchangeable product names; select one only after documenting the protocols, applications and access networks it must support.
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The shared address range
RFC 6598 reserved 100.64.0.0/10 as shared address space for the provider-side connection between customer-premises equipment and CGN. It is not globally routable public IPv4 space. Do not advertise it to the Internet or confuse it with an ordinary public allocation.
Operational and user-facing effects
- Inbound hosting, peer-to-peer applications, some VPNs and protocols that embed IP addresses may require special handling or may not work.
- Rate limits, fraud systems and geolocation services may treat many unrelated users as one public address.
- Port exhaustion, translation state limits and asymmetric routing can create intermittent failures that are difficult to reproduce.
- Support teams need a way to distinguish a customer’s private address, the shared provider address and the original source port in logs.
- Security policy must account for multiple subscribers appearing behind one address without weakening abuse controls.
Sharing can buy time while IPv6 deployment proceeds. It is not a permanent cure for public-address scarcity, because it preserves dependence on a limited pool and adds translation complexity.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Compare the available responses
| Response | IPv4 capacity effect | Availability and timing | Long-term result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reclaim and renumber | Recovers unused space already held by the organization; no new global addresses. | Usually the fastest option, subject to service dependencies and change control. | Improves utilization but does not expand the organization’s allocation. |
| RIR allocation or waiting list | Adds the block permitted by the regional policy, such as APNIC’s /23 limit or RIPE NCC’s potential /24 recovered-address allocation. | Eligibility, recovered inventory and queue position determine whether and when space is available. | Manages scarcity; the free pools remain exhausted in the regions described above. |
| Registered transfer | Moves an existing block to the recipient; the global total is unchanged. | Depends on a willing holder, policy approval, due diligence and transaction timing. | Provides capacity for a project but does not solve IPv4 exhaustion. |
| CGN or another sharing design | Allows many users or sites to share fewer public addresses. | Can be engineered by the operator, but requires capacity planning, logging and application testing. | Bridges an IPv4 gap while introducing translation and support complexity; IPv6 is still required for durable growth. |
| IPv6 deployment | Provides a separate, vastly larger address space for IPv6-capable services and users; it does not make IPv4-only clients disappear immediately. | Requires planning, equipment and application support rather than a single allocation event. | Reduces reliance on public IPv4 and is the enduring response identified by RIPE NCC and the IETF. |
A practical order of operations
- Freeze assumptions, not growth. Record the business launch date, required endpoints, protocols and external partners, then classify each requirement as IPv4-only, IPv6-capable or uncertain.
- Recover what you own. Remove dead assignments, consolidate internal networks and document every address that remains necessary.
- Open the IPv6 workstream. Obtain a prefix, assign technical ownership and test production-critical services and user access over IPv6.
- Ask the correct RIR. Check live policy pages for your region, including eligibility, block size, waiting-list rules and special-purpose paths.
- Cover the residual gap. If an IPv4-only dependency remains, compare a compliant transfer with a sharing design; document cost, schedule, logging and customer impact.
- Measure and retire dependencies. Monitor IPv6 reachability and IPv4 utilization, then reclaim or decommission public IPv4 assignments as applications and customers become IPv6-capable.
Common mistakes to avoid
- Assuming all RIRs have the same rules: allocation sizes, waiting-list eligibility and transfer policies differ by region.
- Buying an unregistered block: use the applicable RIR’s registration and transfer process so ownership, routing and abuse contacts are verifiable.
- Promising a waiting-list date: recovered inventory and queue conditions can change without notice.
- Calling CGN a capacity cure: sharing reduces the number of public addresses needed per user, but it cannot provide every application with a unique, inbound-reachable IPv4 endpoint.
- Deploying IPv6 only at the edge: DNS, applications, firewalls, observability, support processes and customer networks must all handle the protocol.
- Using 100.64.0.0/10 as public space: the RFC 6598 range is for provider sharing and is not globally routable.
The Bottom Line
Recover unused space immediately, begin IPv6 deployment as the permanent capacity plan, and use your RIR’s current rules to evaluate an allocation, waiting list or registered transfer. If sharing is necessary, operate CGN or a related design as a documented bridge with explicit logging, application and support controls.
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