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TRISHNA is a planned Earth-observation satellite being developed jointly by France’s CNES and India’s ISRO. Its four-band thermal-infrared (TIR) camera is designed to retrieve land and coastal-water surface temperature and emissivity, while a separate visible/shortwave-infrared (VSWIR) instrument records surface reflectance and vegetation information. The mission is currently planned for launch in 2027 and remains in development, so its specifications and schedule are plans rather than an operating service.
What TRISHNA is
The name and international partnership
TRISHNA stands for Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural resource Assessment. CNES, France’s space agency, and ISRO, India’s space agency, are developing it as a joint mission. CNES is responsible for the thermal-infrared instrument; ISRO is providing the spacecraft platform and the complementary VSWIR payload. CNES says development of the TIR instrument was entrusted to Airbus.
The mission is intended to measure how Earth’s surface gains, stores and releases heat. That information can support studies of vegetation water stress, evapotranspiration, irrigation, water resources, urban environments, snow and ice, and coastal and inland waters.
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CNES’s current English overview lists TRISHNA as in development with a launch currently planned for 2027. Older CNES material and an earlier ISRO workshop flyer still refer to a 2026 launch, but those schedules have been superseded by the newer 2027 planning information. No exact launch date has been verified, and launch timing or spacecraft configuration can change.
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The published mission design calls for a 761-kilometre sun-synchronous orbit, a 12:30 p.m. descending-node local crossing time and a nominal five-year lifetime. These are mission plans, not results from an operating satellite.
How a satellite measures surface temperature
Thermal infrared radiation is the signal
Every surface warmer than absolute zero emits electromagnetic radiation. At temperatures typical of soil, vegetation, buildings, snow and water, much of the useful signal is in the thermal-infrared part of the spectrum. TRISHNA’s TIR camera will detect that emitted radiation rather than sunlight reflected from the surface.
The measured signal is affected by the surface’s physical temperature, its emissivity (how efficiently it radiates), the atmosphere between the ground and satellite, and the viewing angle. Retrieval algorithms use the calibrated radiances and atmospheric corrections to estimate a surface-temperature value. Temperature and emissivity are therefore products of a measurement-and-retrieval process, not a simple thermometer reading from orbit.
Four thermal bands separate temperature from emissivity and atmospheric effects
CNES specifies four TIR bands centred at approximately 8.65, 9.0, 10.6 and 11.6 micrometres. Using several neighbouring thermal bands helps algorithms distinguish changes in temperature from changes in emissivity and reduce atmospheric effects. The World Meteorological Organization’s OSCAR record describes the channels as spanning roughly 8.6–11.5 micrometres and notes that the split-window channels near 11 micrometres can be used for water-vapour correction.
CNES publishes an instrument observation range of −23 °C to +77 °C and a stated precision of 0.3 °C. Those are published instrument specifications. They should not be interpreted as guaranteed accuracy for every derived land- or water-surface-temperature product, scene, atmosphere or viewing geometry.
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How the camera builds an image
The TIR instrument uses a scanning mirror and a push-whiskbroom arrangement. The mirror sweeps across the ground track, recording a line of observations; the spacecraft’s forward motion supplies the along-track dimension that builds a two-dimensional image.
The VSWIR camera uses pushbroom imaging. It observes a line across the swath while the satellite moves forward, adding successive lines to form the image. The two instruments are designed to observe compatible areas so that temperature can be interpreted with information about land cover, vegetation and surface reflectance.
What the VSWIR instrument adds
VSWIR is not a second temperature camera. It observes visible, near-infrared and shortwave-infrared wavelengths. ISRO describes seven spectral bands; CNES’s technical description breaks these into five VNIR and two SWIR bands.
Those reflectance measurements help identify whether a pixel is covered by crops, forest, bare soil, urban material, snow, water or mixed surfaces. They also provide vegetation and other biophysical context. Combining that context with TIR temperature improves interpretation of a hot patch: the same temperature anomaly means something different in dry bare soil, a dense crop canopy or a city roof.
Resolution, swath and revisit times
TRISHNA’s figures differ slightly depending on whether a source is describing native camera sampling, location within the swath or the grid used for delivered products.
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| Measure | Published figure | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| Product sampling | 60 m | CNES’s plain-language product-grid figure; this is the safest general statement about delivered spatial sampling. |
| Camera resolution across the swath | 57 m at nadir to 90 m at the edge | CNES’s detailed technical description; pixels become larger toward the edge because of viewing geometry. |
| Sub-satellite-point figure | 50 m | WMO OSCAR’s instrument record; it may represent a different native-sampling convention from the CNES product figure. |
| Swath context | Approximately 1,000 km in a 2026 mission-affiliated preprint | A design-performance description in a preprint, not a final operational specification. |
For most readers, “60-metre products” is the clearest description. It does not mean every observation has exactly 60-metre ground resolution: the native sampling changes with viewing geometry and the processing grid can differ from the detector footprint.
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CNES’s current overview says a point at the equator will be observed every three days. The wide field of view, approximately ±34 degrees, allows more frequent observations at temperate latitudes. WMO OSCAR similarly describes a three-day cycle for global land and coast coverage.
CNES’s detailed page gives another number: the same point is revisited every eight days at the same viewing angle. The apparent discrepancy reflects two definitions. A location can be seen on different passes within a three-day coverage cycle, but an observation made from the same geometry may take about eight days. Analyses that depend on consistent viewing angle should use the latter concept rather than treating every three-day observation as equivalent.
Where the mission is designed to observe
The acquisition mask focuses on continental surfaces and water near land. CNES describes coastal areas out to about 100 kilometres from shore, enclosed seas including the Mediterranean, the Arctic Ocean and part of Antarctica. This is not a promise of uniform, high-resolution mapping of the entire open ocean.
How TRISHNA will measure water temperature
Surface skin temperature from above
Over a lake, river, estuary or coastal zone, the TIR instrument will estimate the temperature of the water surface layer that emits the detected infrared radiation. This is often called skin or radiometric surface temperature. It is not the average temperature through the whole water column and does not directly measure subsurface temperature.
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Water has different emissive and reflective behaviour from most land covers, so retrieval algorithms must account for emissivity, atmospheric water vapour, viewing angle and contamination from nearby land. The VSWIR observations help identify water boundaries, vegetation, sediment or built surfaces that could otherwise mix with the thermal pixel.
What repeated water observations can reveal
Temperature maps and time series can show gradients associated with mixing in lakes and rivers, estuarine exchange, coastal fronts and thermal plumes. They can also reveal how reservoirs, wetlands and shorelines respond to weather or water-management changes. These are patterns in surface temperature; they are not automatic diagnoses of water quality, pollution or a particular ecological event.
Clouds and atmosphere remain hard limits
Thermal infrared instruments cannot obtain a reliable surface temperature through every cloud condition. Clouds can block or alter the emitted signal, and atmospheric water vapour requires correction. A three-day nominal revisit therefore does not guarantee a usable temperature value every three days for every location. Processing systems will need cloud screening and quality flags so users can distinguish valid retrievals from missing or uncertain observations.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What the temperature and reflectance products can be used for
Evapotranspiration and vegetation water stress
Plants cool themselves by moving water from soil to leaves and releasing it as vapour. When water is limited, that cooling can weaken and canopy temperature can rise relative to surrounding conditions. TRISHNA’s thermal observations, combined with VSWIR vegetation information and weather or radiation inputs, are intended to support estimates of evapotranspiration and indicators of ecosystem water stress.
Those products can help compare fields, forests, pastures and urban vegetation, identify changing stress patterns and improve water-use studies. A satellite temperature value alone does not state how much water a particular crop needs; crop type, growth stage, soil, weather and management data are also required.
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Irrigation and water-resource management
Repeated, relatively fine-resolution observations can show which parts of an irrigated area are warmer or cooler and how those patterns change. Water managers could use the information alongside field measurements to assess irrigation performance, prioritize inspections and study evaporation from reservoirs or wetlands. It is decision support, not a direct command to irrigate a field.
Coasts, rivers and inland waters
Thermal gradients can support research into coastal exchange, river plumes, lake mixing and other water-body dynamics. The mission’s coastal mask is particularly relevant where land, shallow water and ocean processes interact and where coarser observations can blend different surfaces in one pixel.
Snow, ice, glaciers and permafrost
CNES identifies snow and ice, glaciers and permafrost among the possible application areas. Surface temperature can indicate melt conditions or changing thermal regimes, while VSWIR reflectance helps distinguish snow, ice, rock and vegetation. These observations complement, rather than replace, dedicated elevation, radar or in-situ measurements.
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Urban surfaces often heat differently from nearby vegetation or water, so thermal maps can support studies of urban ecosystems and heat patterns. CNES also mentions solid-Earth and atmospheric/climate research. Thermal-anomaly monitoring around volcanoes and possible earthquake precursors are research possibilities, not dependable earthquake-prediction capabilities.
Important limitations to plan for
- It is not operational yet. Until launch, commissioning and calibration are complete, data access, product formats and final performance remain subject to change.
- Clouds create gaps. Thermal and optical observations can be screened out or degraded by clouds and atmospheric conditions.
- Surface temperature is not soil moisture. Soil moisture may be inferred indirectly using thermal inertia or combined models; TRISHNA does not directly sense subsurface water at 60-metre detail.
- Derived products need context. Evapotranspiration, water stress and water use require atmospheric, meteorological, land-cover and often ground information.
- Resolution varies across the scene. A 60-metre product grid should not be confused with a constant detector footprint from nadir to swath edge.
- Revisit terminology matters. Three-day coverage, same-location repeat and same-viewing-angle repeat describe different schedules.
- Mixed pixels affect boundaries. A pixel containing both shoreline and water, or roof and vegetation, represents a mixture that can complicate interpretation.
What to expect from TRISHNA data
If the planned mission proceeds, users should expect calibrated thermal radiances and retrieved land- and water-surface-temperature and emissivity products, paired with VSWIR reflectance and vegetation-related information. Products will need quality masks for clouds, atmospheric conditions, viewing geometry and other retrieval limitations.
The most useful workflow will combine TRISHNA’s repeated temperature maps with weather observations, field measurements, land-cover maps and water or crop models. Its value is the combination of thermal sensitivity, approximately 60-metre product sampling and frequent coverage—not a single image treated as a complete diagnosis.
TRISHNA is therefore best understood as a planned thermal Earth-observation mission: a satellite designed to show where surfaces are hot or cool, how those patterns change, and how temperature relates to vegetation, water and land processes. It will not provide an instant thermometer reading for every location or a guaranteed cloud-free view, but its paired TIR and VSWIR measurements could fill an important gap between very detailed, infrequent thermal observations and frequent, coarser mapping.
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