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NVIDIA Run:ai is a Kubernetes scheduler for AI and other compute-intensive workloads that adds workload grouping, project and department queues, quota-aware allocation, fair sharing, GPU-aware placement, and policy-controlled recovery when resources are scarce. Instead of treating every pod as an unrelated request, it can schedule coordinated groups of pods, serve a queue’s deserved quota first, lend unused capacity as reclaimable over-quota resources, and place or delay work according to priorities, topology, and node-pool policy.
What the Run:ai Scheduler adds to Kubernetes
Run:ai operates in a Kubernetes cluster but adds a resource-allocation layer designed for shared AI infrastructure. Its scheduler evaluates more than whether one pod technically fits on one node. It considers the workload represented by related pods, the project and department queues that own those pods, quota entitlement, fairshare, node pools, topology, and whether the workload may be preempted.
The distinction matters most for distributed training and inference. A training job may create several workers that must start together, while a single inference service may consist of replicas with placement constraints. Run:ai can reason about those pods as one scheduling unit rather than allowing an incomplete subset to consume capacity indefinitely. The official concepts documentation describes this model in The NVIDIA Run:ai Scheduler: Concepts and Principles.
Workloads, pod groups and subgroups
A workload controller creates one or more Kubernetes pods. Run:ai represents related pods in a pod group and can use subgroups for more complex structures. Shared properties can include gang-scheduling requirements, minimum replicas or workers, priority, preemptibility and topology rules. Those properties are evaluated for the group, so a distributed job is not reduced to a series of unrelated pod-placement decisions.
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Projects, departments and node pools
Resource ownership is expressed through projects and departments. Queues exist per node pool, so allocation is not simply one global ranking for the entire cluster. The scheduler evaluates the request in the context of the project queue, the department queue and the selected node pool. This lets an organization separate teams or use cases while still sharing spare capacity under defined policy.
How a workload moves through scheduling
The following sequence describes the documented scheduling flow. Exact controller names, custom-resource fields and defaults can vary by Run:ai release and by SaaS or self-hosted deployment, so use the documentation for the version installed in your cluster when translating the concepts into manifests.
- A controller creates pods. A workload controller creates a single pod or a coordinated set of pods for training, inference or another compute-intensive task. Requests and placement constraints become inputs to scheduling.
- Run:ai groups related pods. The scheduler forms a pod group, and may form subgroups, then applies group-level requirements such as minimum workers, gang scheduling, priority, preemptibility and topology.
- The scheduler checks queue context. It identifies the project and department queues associated with the workload and the relevant node pool. It evaluates queue state, entitlement and policy eligibility alongside the pod’s CPU, memory and GPU requests.
- Deserved quota is served first. The scheduler first attempts to satisfy the queue’s deserved allocation. If capacity remains, the queue may receive temporarily available resources beyond that quota, subject to fair allocation and later reclamation.
- Pods are bound to nodes. Resource binding selects nodes that can host the request and assigns the pods. For a gang-scheduled group, the required group is bound together; if the group cannot be placed as a unit, it remains pending for a later scheduling cycle instead of starting only a partial set.
- Recovery actions are considered when placement fails. The documented order is consolidation, resource rebalancing or reclaim across queues, and then preemption of eligible lower-priority, preemptible workloads within the same project queue.
This process is described in How the Scheduler Works. A workload can therefore be pending even when the cluster has free resources: those resources may be on the wrong node pool, fragmented across nodes, reserved by policy, insufficient for a gang, or unavailable to the workload’s queue under current fairness rules.
Quota, over-quota capacity and fairshare
Run:ai separates a queue’s deserved allocation from spare capacity it may borrow. Understanding that distinction prevents a common operational mistake: treating a temporary placement beyond quota as a guarantee.
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| Term | Meaning in scheduling | Operational consequence |
|---|---|---|
| Deserved quota | The allocation assigned to a project or department and targeted first. | Workloads seeking this entitlement are considered before discretionary use of spare capacity. |
| Over-quota resources | Currently unused capacity temporarily assigned beyond a queue’s deserved quota. | The allocation can be reclaimed; it is not a permanent increase in quota. |
| Fairshare | A dynamic calculation of entitlement to unused resources among queues, using queue rank and weight. | A queue’s access to borrowed capacity can change as demand and usage change. |
| Queue rank and weight | Policy inputs used when distributing available capacity among eligible queues. | They influence which queue receives spare resources but do not turn borrowed capacity into guaranteed capacity. |
Fairshare is dynamic. A workload using over-quota capacity can return to pending when another queue’s entitlement changes or when the scheduler rebalances allocations. That behavior is intentional: it allows unused resources to be productive without allowing one queue to retain them when another queue is owed a fairer share. The queue and allocation model is detailed in the scheduler documentation at How the Scheduler Works.
Priority is not the same as fairness
Run:ai uses priority and fairshare for different scopes. Workload priority governs precedence within a project. It does not mean that any high-priority workload can evict any lower-priority workload anywhere in the cluster.
Across projects or departments, resource reclaim follows fairness between queues. The scheduler may rebalance or reclaim resources so queues approach their entitled share. Within a project queue, preemption can target lower-priority workloads that are marked preemptible and otherwise meet the policy conditions. Non-preemptible workloads are not automatically evicted merely because another workload has a higher priority.
Defaults and exact eligibility rules can be version-specific. Check the installed release’s policy configuration before promising an interruption-free run or assuming that a priority value has cluster-wide meaning.
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Gang scheduling for distributed jobs
Gang scheduling is the coordination mechanism for workloads whose pods need to run together. A distributed training job might require a minimum number of workers before it can make progress; starting only two of four workers may waste GPU time while the remaining pods wait.
With a gang requirement, Run:ai keeps the group pending if it cannot place the required workers together. This trades an immediate partial start for predictable group admission. Minimum replicas or workers, subgroup structure and topology constraints can make the all-at-once requirement more precise. The scheduler’s concepts page explains these group-level properties at The NVIDIA Run:ai Scheduler: Concepts and Principles.
What happens when resources do not fit
Run:ai documents a defined recovery order rather than treating preemption as the first response.
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- Resource rebalancing or reclaim across queues. If one queue is using borrowed capacity while another is entitled to more, the scheduler can rebalance allocations between queues. This is the cross-project fairness mechanism; it is not the same as workload priority.
- Eligible within-project preemption. If the request still cannot fit, the scheduler can preempt lower-priority workloads that are eligible and preemptible within the same project queue. A workload’s policy must allow this action.
A pending state after these checks does not by itself identify a software fault. It can indicate that the requested group is too large for available nodes, that topology or node-pool rules exclude otherwise free capacity, that the queue is below its current fairshare entitlement, or that no eligible preemptible work exists.
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GPU and GPU-memory requests
GPU requests affect both eligibility and placement. The Run:ai 2.19 workload YAML reference documents fields for fractional GPU allocation, GPU device counts, GPU limits and GPU memory. It also states that a workload requesting GPU memory is not scheduled unless the system can guarantee the requested amount. Do not copy field names or assume defaults without checking the release installed on your cluster: the reference is specifically for Run:ai v2.19.
GPU memory is therefore a hard schedulability condition in the documented model, not merely a preference. A node with an available GPU may still be unsuitable if it cannot guarantee the requested memory, if another allocation occupies that memory, or if the request’s device and topology constraints cannot be met together. The versioned reference is available as a PDF at Workload YAML Reference, Run:ai v2.19.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How to investigate a pending workload
Use the dashboard and the workload definition together. The dashboard guidance for Run:ai v2.18 points administrators to the request details, node capacity and queue views rather than relying only on a cluster-wide free-resource number.
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- Check node availability. Verify that a ready node or GPU device has enough free resources for the complete request. For a gang-scheduled workload, check whether enough suitable nodes exist for all required workers at the same time.
- Inspect node targeting. Review node selectors, affinity, taints, topology and any explicit node target. Restricting a workload to a particular node or pool can make otherwise free resources irrelevant.
- Review queue and allocation state. Compare the project and department queue’s deserved quota, current usage, fairshare position and borrowed allocation. A job that was admitted over quota can become pending when another queue is entitled to capacity.
- Check group requirements. Confirm minimum replicas, gang behavior and subgroup constraints. A single missing worker can keep an entire group pending by design.
- Look for policy-based recovery limits. Determine whether potential victims are preemptible and whether they are in the same project queue. Higher priority alone does not authorize cross-project eviction.
The Run:ai v2.18 dashboard documentation describes views for running and pending workloads, ready nodes and devices, allocation and queue information in Dashboard Analysis. The exact labels can change between releases, so use the dashboard version that matches your deployment.
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Run:ai and KAI Scheduler
KAI Scheduler is related open-source scheduler technology based on Run:ai. NVIDIA’s technical blog says KAI Scheduler is Kubernetes-native, released under the Apache 2.0 license, and continues to be delivered as part of the NVIDIA Run:ai platform. The relationship does not mean every KAI Scheduler release, configuration option or capability is identical to the commercial Run:ai platform.
When evaluating documentation or manifests, verify which component you are deploying, its release, and the feature boundary for that edition. The announcement and licensing context are described in NVIDIA Open Sources Run:ai Scheduler to Foster Community Collaboration.
What to verify before deploying
Run:ai documentation spans SaaS and self-hosted environments and multiple versioned references. Before applying an example, record the scheduler release, deployment model, enabled node pools and the organization’s queue policy.
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- Confirm the installed Run:ai version and use its matching workload YAML reference.
- Define project and department ownership, deserved quotas, queue rank and weight before enabling shared capacity.
- Decide which workloads are preemptible and document the interruption behavior users should expect.
- Identify node pools and GPU types, then align topology and placement rules with the distributed jobs that need them.
- Test a single-pod workload and a multi-pod gang-scheduled workload separately; they exercise different placement paths.
- Document how operators will inspect pending workloads, queue state, allocation and ready devices in the dashboard.
Run:ai’s value is the policy layer around Kubernetes placement: groups can be admitted together, quotas can be honored before borrowed capacity, and spare resources can be shared without becoming permanently owned. Those controls are useful only when queue definitions, GPU requests and preemption policies match the way teams actually run jobs.
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