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MATCHBOIL is a custom C# downloader used in campaigns attributed to the threat group UAC-0099. It retrieves and installs another malicious program—often the MATCHWOK backdoor in samples analyzed by ESET—and can set that payload to run again later. MATCHBOIL is therefore the installer, not the backdoor itself. ESET’s reported telemetry places all MATCHBOIL victims it observed in Ukraine, but that does not establish that infections are limited to Ukraine.
What MATCHBOIL does
A downloader’s purpose is to bring additional malware onto a compromised computer. In ESET’s analysis, MATCHBOIL contacts attacker-controlled infrastructure, obtains a payload, installs it, and configures persistence so the installed program can run again. Most of the samples ESET analyzed delivered MATCHWOK, a C# backdoor associated with espionage. Broadcom has also described UAC-0099 campaigns in which MATCHBOIL could deliver either MATCHWOK or the DRAGSTARE infostealer. The payload can vary; it is not accurate to say every MATCHBOIL sample installs the same malware.
This distinction matters when assessing an incident: detecting or investigating the downloader is not the same as identifying every program it may have installed. Responders need to determine what payload was delivered and whether it remains active.
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How the documented infection chain works
Phishing leads to a script
In the delivery route ESET analyzed, a spear-phishing email contained a malicious link. Following it downloaded an archive containing a VBScript payload. The script then downloaded and executed MATCHBOIL. The malicious payload took effect only if the recipient was persuaded to run the script.
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That is one documented route, not a universal recipe. Broadcom’s August 8, 2025 account described an earlier campaign in which phishing links led to malicious HTA files. Delivery wrappers have varied across campaigns and samples.
The downloader contacts its operators
After execution, analyzed samples checked whether a sample-specific installation directory already existed under %LOCALAPPDATA% and collected machine identifiers, including the CPUID and BIOS serial number. ESET describes three HTTPS requests to attacker infrastructure and a server response containing HTML with a hex-encoded payload. MATCHBOIL extracted and installed the payload.
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The installed payload is set to run again
Depending on the sample, MATCHBOIL established persistence for the downloaded payload using a scheduled task or a Windows Registry entry. These are observed implementation choices, not settings a user should search for as a definitive infection test: names and methods can vary, and absence of one artifact does not prove a computer is clean.
How MATCHBOIL changed in analyzed samples
ESET Research analyzed samples timestamped from April 2024 through April 2026. The findings describe those samples, not a feature checklist that applies to every infection.
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| Observed period or change | What ESET reported | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| April 2024–April 2026 | Timestamp range of samples covered by ESET’s analysis. | This is the analysis period, not proof of uninterrupted activity or a measure of how many systems were infected. |
| Late 2025 | Some samples shifted from one-shot downloading to attempting command-and-control communication every two minutes. | The interval applies to the analyzed late-2025 variants, not every version. |
| Late 2025 sandbox check | One sample checked for at least three uptime events of at least 7,200 seconds. | This is a technical environment check, not a practical infection test for computer users. |
| April 2026 sample | An analyzed sample added an operating-system age threshold of at least 10 days and was a DLL variant. | These details describe that sample; they should not be assumed to characterize all MATCHBOIL activity. |
| Across evolving samples | ESET observed changes to obfuscation and persistence, sandbox checks, and deceptive interfaces when a sample was run manually. | Behavior and implementation can differ by sample. |
Who is at risk, and what is known about victims
ESET reported that every MATCHBOIL victim in its telemetry was in Ukraine. Its observations included samples at multiple transportation companies in July–August 2025, a manufacturing company in December 2025, and an energy-sector company in June 2026. ESET also describes UAC-0099 as targeting Ukrainian government organizations, financial institutions, and media.
These are observations from ESET’s telemetry, not a complete victim census or a prevalence estimate. They do not show what percentage of any sector was affected, and they do not prove that people or organizations outside Ukraine cannot be targeted. The evidence is most directly relevant to organizations in the reported sectors and geography, particularly when assessing suspicious spear-phishing messages and unexpected scripts.
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ESET assesses with medium confidence that UAC-0099 is aligned with Russian interests, based on its targeting. ESET also assesses that UAC-0099 can act as an initial-access broker for Sandworm. These are attributed analytic assessments, not confirmation that a state directed a particular attack.
What to do if you suspect a MATCHBOIL infection
Trend Micro’s October 14, 2025 detection guidance for a MATCHBOIL-related HTTP rule recommends updating its products and pattern files, then scanning a host that exhibits the behavior. If the scan does not detect an infection, the guidance says to disconnect the host from the network if possible and use additional investigation tools. These vendor recommendations are limited guidance, not a guarantee of detection or removal and not a complete incident-response plan.
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- Follow your organization’s incident-response process. Notify the security team promptly and preserve relevant details, such as the suspicious message, downloaded archive, script, and observed alerts. Avoid running suspicious files again to reproduce the issue.
- Use qualified responders for organizational incidents. MATCHBOIL can install a separate payload and establish persistence; an investigation should assess both the downloader and what it installed.
- Apply vendor guidance in context. Trend Micro recommends updating its products and pattern files and scanning an affected host. If the scan finds nothing but suspicious behavior remains, its guidance recommends disconnecting the host if possible and using additional investigation tools.
ESET researcher Fernando Tavella, identified by ESET as the analyst who examined MATCHBOIL, said in the October 8, 2026 newsroom summary: “The malware is distributed via malicious links in spear phishing emails.”
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