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A stop-loss order, also called a stop order, tells your broker to submit a market order to buy or sell a stock if it reaches a price you specify. For an investor who owns shares, a sell stop is commonly placed below the current market price; a buy stop is generally placed above it and may be used to manage a short position. The stop price is a trigger—not a promised sale price—and a stop order cannot guarantee a maximum loss.
Below is how stop orders work for U.S. stocks, how to enter one in a brokerage account, and how they differ from stop-limit and trailing-stop orders. Broker interfaces and trigger rules vary, so confirm the current settings and order status with your own firm.
What is a stop-loss order?
A stop-loss order is an instruction to a broker that becomes active when a stock reaches a specified stop price. For a typical protective sell order, you already own the stock and set the stop below its current market price. If the stock reaches that level, the stop order is triggered and becomes a market order to sell.
A buy stop works in the opposite direction: it is generally set above the current market price and becomes a market order to buy when the stock reaches the stop. One use is managing a short position, where buying shares may close or reduce the position. Whether a broker supports a particular stop order, and the rules it applies, depends on that firm.
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“Stop-loss” can sound as if the order sets a fixed maximum loss. It does not. The stop price determines when the order is activated; it does not lock in the price at which the shares will sell or guarantee how much you will lose. The SEC’s Stop, Stop-Limit, and Trailing Stop Orders investor bulletin, updated August 18, 2026, puts the distinction plainly: “The stop price is not the guaranteed execution price for a stop order.”
What happens when a stock reaches the stop price?
Reaching the stop activates the order; the resulting market order then seeks execution at available prices. The stop price is not a limit on what you will accept. If prices move quickly or available liquidity is limited, a sell order may execute below its stop price. Prices can also change between order entry, routing and execution, so an order is not necessarily filled at the instant it is submitted.
For example, if you enter a sell stop at a hypothetical $50, the order is triggered when the broker’s applicable trigger standard is met. That does not mean you will sell at $50. If the market has moved down by the time the market order executes, the fill may be lower. The $50 is an activation level, not a guaranteed price or a cap on your loss.
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A brief intraday move can trigger a stop even if the stock later recovers or closes at a higher price. A trigger therefore does not depend on the stock finishing the day below your chosen level. Also, firms may use different reference prices to determine whether the stop has been reached—for example, a last-sale price or a quotation price. Check the broker’s current order terms and ticket rather than assuming which price it monitors.
These details are important when using the order as part of an investment plan: a stop can automate an instruction, but it cannot ensure a particular execution price, prevent a temporary move from activating it, or guarantee a maximum loss. The SEC material cited here addresses stocks; do not assume that its mechanics apply unchanged to options, futures, crypto assets or every trading venue.
How do stop, stop-limit and trailing-stop orders differ?
The key tradeoff is between price control and the chance of getting an execution after a trigger. A market order seeks an available execution without setting a price boundary. A limit order sets a boundary but can remain unfilled if the market moves away. A stop-limit order combines a stop trigger with a limit order; a trailing stop adjusts its trigger as the market moves favorably.
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| Order type | What happens at the trigger | Price control and execution tradeoff |
|---|---|---|
| Stop (stop-loss) | When the stop price is reached, the order becomes a market order. | There is no limit price constraining the fill. The order seeks execution after triggering, but the execution price may differ materially from the stop price. |
| Stop-limit | When the stop price is reached, the order becomes a limit order. | The limit sets a price boundary, but the order may not execute if the market moves away before a fill is available. A price constraint is not an execution guarantee. |
| Trailing stop | The stop price follows favorable price movement by a specified dollar or percentage distance. If the price turns against the position, the stop remains at its last level. | The trigger can adjust as the market moves favorably, but a temporary move can still trigger it and the eventual execution may differ from the stop price. |
A stop-limit order requires attention to two prices: the stop that activates the order and the limit that constrains the price of the resulting limit order. The SEC’s Understanding Order Types investor bulletin explains limit-order mechanics. If the market moves past the limit without a suitable opportunity to trade, the order can remain unfilled. That can matter if the purpose of the order was to exit rather than to avoid selling below a particular price.
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A trailing stop is not a guaranteed way to capture a gain or avoid a loss. It changes the trigger as the stock moves favorably, but retains the basic trigger-and-execution risks of a stop order. In a hypothetical example used by the SEC, a stock bought at $20 rises to $24; with a $1 trailing amount, the stop can remain at $23 after the stock turns down. Those figures illustrate how a trailing amount works; they are not a suggested setting or evidence of likely investment results.
How do you set a stop-loss order?
Broker websites and apps use different labels and controls, so the following is a general process rather than a universal screen-by-screen path. Read the order summary before submitting, and do not assume the order is active until the broker confirms it.
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- Choose the action and confirm the position. Decide whether you are placing a sell order for shares you own or a buy order related to a short position. Select the correct stock and check the share quantity against your account and plan.
- Select the stop order type. Choose a stop order if you want the trigger to create a market order. If you are considering a stop-limit instead, confirm that you understand the separate stop and limit prices and the possibility that the limit order will not fill.
- Enter the stop price. Use the price you have decided on for your plan. Do not treat the entry box as a guaranteed execution price, and do not assume one percentage or formula is suitable for every investor or stock.
- Check the broker’s trigger standard. Review whether the firm uses a last-sale price, a quotation price or another stated reference to activate the order. The applicable standard can vary by firm.
- Review sessions, duration and the order summary. Check which trading sessions the order can be active in, how long it remains in force, and the side, quantity, order type and prices shown in the summary. Availability and handling differ by firm; verify the current terms in the order ticket or the broker’s help material.
- Submit and verify the status. Follow the broker’s confirmation process, then check the order status in the account. A submitted instruction should not be assumed active unless the broker indicates that it has been accepted and is working.
- Recheck when circumstances change. Review the order if the position or your plan changes, and use the broker’s status information to confirm whether it remains active or has been triggered, filled, changed or canceled.
For broader context on the stages between placing an order and its execution, see Investor.gov’s explanation of how a stock order is executed. The path and status labels in your own account may differ.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How should you choose a stop price?
There is no universal stop percentage or formula established by the SEC materials cited here. The right level depends on the investor’s circumstances and plan; the SEC bulletin cautions readers to consider how they choose the stop price but does not prescribe one setting for everyone. This article therefore does not recommend a specific distance from the current price.
Before entering a level, consider what the order is meant to do and how a brief intraday fluctuation could affect it. A stop set close to the current price can be reached by a short-term move, even if the stock later trades higher. A stop set farther away may be reached only after a larger adverse move, but the eventual execution still is not guaranteed at the trigger. Neither observation identifies a universally preferable setting; they describe consequences to weigh against your own purpose and risk tolerance.
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It also helps to separate three ideas that are easily conflated: the price that triggers the order, the price at which a resulting order may execute, and the eventual loss on the position. A stop determines the first. For a regular stop, the market order does not constrain the second. The third depends on the execution price and the position’s other relevant details; the stop alone does not cap it.
What should you check if the order does not behave as expected?
- The stop appears not to have triggered: Check the broker’s stated trigger reference and the prices it uses, rather than assuming the chart’s displayed price is the trigger value. Also confirm that the broker accepted the order and that it is active for the relevant session and duration.
- The fill differs from the stop price: That is possible with a regular stop because it becomes a market order, not an order limited to the stop price. Rapid movement, limited available liquidity and price changes during routing or execution can affect the fill.
- A stop-limit triggered but did not sell: Check the limit price and order status. The activated limit order can remain unfilled when the market moves away from the price boundary.
- The order is unavailable or the ticket looks different: Firms may differ in whether they offer stop orders and in their order controls. Consult the broker’s current ticket and help material for that account and security rather than relying on instructions written for another interface.
- A short-lived move activated the order: A stop can trigger on a temporary intraday price movement. Review the order’s status and your plan before taking further action; a later recovery does not undo a trigger that has already occurred.
Which source applies to these mechanics?
The SEC’s investor bulletin on stop, stop-limit and trailing-stop orders was initially published July 13, 2017, and updated August 18, 2026. It supplies the stock-focused explanation of triggering, execution and trailing stops used here. Investor.gov also defines a stop order in its glossary. Broker-specific availability, trigger references and order controls should be checked with the firm because they can vary.
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