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Altcoin liquidity can deteriorate sharply during a crypto market crash: spreads may widen, order-book depth may fall, and trades may cause more price impact. That can happen even while trading activity rises. A peer-reviewed study of ten cryptocurrencies around the September 2018 crash found lower quote depth and higher spread measures after the event, alongside increased turnover. It is historical, sample-specific evidence—not a rule that every altcoin behaves the same way in every selloff.
For a particular token, exchange, and trading pair, the practical question is not simply whether it is still trading. Check the spread, the orders available near the market price, completed volume, and the likely slippage for the size you plan to trade. Those measures describe different parts of liquidity, and none alone guarantees that an order can be executed cheaply.
What liquidity means when prices are falling
Liquidity is the ability to buy or sell an asset promptly without moving its price substantially. For an altcoin, it is not a permanent attribute attached to the token. It depends on the specific trading pair, exchange, market conditions, and order size. The same token can be relatively easy to trade in one pair and costly to trade in another.
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A falling price is not itself a complete measure of liquidity. Price describes where trades are occurring; liquidity measures how much buying and selling interest is available and what it costs to trade against it. During a crash, those conditions can worsen even if transactions continue at a brisk pace.
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The four measures to watch
- Spread: The difference between the best displayed ask (the lowest price offered by a seller) and best bid (the highest price offered by a buyer). A wider spread means the gap between the best quotes is larger. It is a useful snapshot of the cost implied by those quotes, but does not show how many units are available behind them.
- Order-book depth: The quantity of standing buy and sell orders around the current price. A book can show a narrow spread at its top level but still have little depth, so a larger order may consume several price levels.
- Volume or turnover: The amount traded over a period. It records completed trading, not the amount that can be traded now at a predictable price.
- Slippage or price impact: The difference between an expected price and the price actually achieved, or the movement caused by executing an order. It depends on the order size and available liquidity at execution time.
These measures can point in different directions. For example, turnover can rise while depth falls and spreads widen. More trades have taken place, but the available quotes may still be thinner and more expensive to trade against.
What the September 2018 crash evidence shows
A peer-reviewed study published in 2023 in Annals of Operations Research examined ten cryptocurrencies around the September 2018 crash. It compared the ten days before the event, 26 August–4 September, with the ten days after, 6–15 September. In the post-event comparisons, the study found lower quote depth and higher spread measures for the cryptocurrencies in its sample. It also reported higher spread measures on the day after the crash than before it.
The study reported a dramatic increase in average turnover after the event. That result matters because it demonstrates why trading activity alone can mislead: increased turnover occurred alongside lower depth and wider spreads in the post-crash comparisons. A market can be busy without offering enough nearby orders to absorb a large trade cheaply.
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This evidence describes a particular historical event and ten sampled cryptocurrencies. It does not establish that all altcoins lose liquidity in the same way, that every crash produces the same pattern, or that the size of the change will recur in a future selloff. Current conditions need to be checked for the asset and venue being considered.
Why liquidity can worsen during a crash
One plausible mechanism is that traders and liquidity providers reduce or remove resting orders as uncertainty and volatility rise. With fewer orders near the market price, a given trade has fewer quotes to meet; it may move through price levels and have greater price impact. If the best bid and ask move farther apart, the spread also widens. This is a reasonable explanation of how market quality can deteriorate, but the historical study’s measured outcomes do not by themselves prove why each quote changed.
There can also be a feedback effect: a sharp move makes prices harder to assess, and less certain pricing can make participants less willing to leave orders exposed near the market. If the available book is thin, market orders can then move the price more than expected. The exact chain varies by asset and venue; the evidence cited here supports the observed changes in the study sample, not a universal account of every participant’s behavior.
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Liquidity differs by token and exchange
Comparisons across assets and venues show why a token-level label such as “liquid” is not enough. In an analysis published by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) on 10 April 2024, selected Binance asset data showed Bitcoin had the greatest volume and a very low spread. Ether had a similarly low spread at around half Bitcoin’s volume, while the other selected assets had lower volumes and larger spreads. These are selected assets and venue data, not a current ranking of every altcoin or exchange.
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A separate Kaiko report, The Crypto Liquidity Concentration Report, said altcoin market depth on U.S.-available exchanges was concentrated on three platforms. The report’s publication date is not established here, so treat the observation as a report-specific market snapshot, not a timeless ranking or a statement about current conditions.
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Together, these findings support comparing the same token across venues and quote currencies rather than assuming that an exchange-wide or token-wide label applies to every market. They do not show that Bitcoin or Ether is immune to crashes, nor do they establish that every altcoin loses liquidity faster than those assets.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How to check whether a particular altcoin is still liquid
Use the same trading pair, exchange, time, depth interval, and order size when comparing markets. A comparison that changes those inputs may confuse differences in measurement with differences in liquidity. Conditions are time-sensitive, so record when you checked them.
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- Inspect the best bid and ask. Calculate or read the spread and note the timestamp. Compare it with the same pair’s recent or pre-crash conditions if you have reliable data. A widening spread is evidence that the best displayed quotes are farther apart; it does not tell you how much size is available behind them.
- Check depth near the mid-price. Look at standing bids and asks within a stated price band. ESMA’s 2023 order-book chart used a band of 2% around the mid-price, but a different band may be useful for a different trading decision. State the band so comparisons remain meaningful.
- Assess depth on both sides. A buyer and a seller face different books. Check the side that your proposed trade will consume, and consider whether the opposing side is also unusually thin. Depth can be uneven, so one side’s displayed liquidity should not be treated as a guarantee for the other.
- Estimate impact for your intended size. Compare the displayed quantities at successive prices with the size you want to trade. If market-data tools provide an execution estimate, use the same order size and assumptions across venues. A small trade’s apparent cost may not predict the cost of a much larger one.
- Use volume as context, not a substitute. Check the time interval behind the volume figure. High recent volume may indicate active trading, but it does not establish that a new order can be executed with low slippage now.
- Repeat the check near execution. A volatile market can change between inspection and order submission. Recheck the book and spread if conditions have moved, rather than relying on a snapshot taken earlier.
This check is a way to compare observable market conditions, not a guarantee of execution price. Displayed orders can change, and the cited evidence does not establish a universal threshold at which an altcoin should be considered liquid or illiquid.
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How to interpret conflicting signals
Volume is high, but spreads are wide
High turnover and wide spreads are compatible. The turnover figure aggregates completed trades over a period, while the spread describes the best quotes at a particular moment. Treat the wide spread as a warning about the quoted cost of crossing the market; do not infer that recent activity will make your order inexpensive.
The spread is narrow, but depth is thin
A narrow top-of-book spread can coexist with little size at the best bid and ask. In that case, a small trade may meet the displayed quote while a larger order consumes deeper, less favorable price levels. Review available quantities around the price, not just the top quote.
The book looks deep on one exchange, but thin on another
Venue-level differences are consistent with ESMA’s 2023 sample, in which larger exchanges generally had greater Bitcoin order-book depth and smaller spreads than the sample median. That Bitcoin result is not a direct altcoin ranking. For an altcoin decision, compare the actual pair and book on the venues available to you.
A single snapshot looks reassuring
A displayed book captures conditions at one point in time. In a fast selloff, it may not represent the book when an order reaches the market. Compare observations across the relevant period when possible and keep timestamps with spread, depth, and volume readings.
What this evidence does not establish
The crash-specific study is historical, uses ten cryptocurrencies, and compares fixed windows around the September 2018 event. ESMA’s analysis uses selected assets and venues, including 2023 data; Kaiko’s concentration statement is report-specific. These sources do not support a universal forecast for a future crash, a current exchange league table for all altcoins, or a claim that any asset’s liquidity is protected from a selloff.
A 2022 study by Brauneis, Mestel, Riordan, and Theissen examined BTC/USD order-book data from three large exchanges. It found liquidity related to past liquidity on the same exchange, crypto-wide liquidity and volatility, and blockchain transfer fees; it reported no explanatory relationship with broader financial-market liquidity in its analysis. This is evidence about Bitcoin, not a direct test of altcoin liquidity during crashes, so it should not be used to predict a particular altcoin’s behavior.
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