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Do not return to a field merely because fighting has stopped, a ceasefire is in place, or a neighbour has used it. First obtain confirmation from the locally responsible mine-action or civil-protection authority that the exact plot and every route to it have been surveyed and officially released. Only then address possible soil contamination, land-use rights, damaged infrastructure and the resources needed to restart farming.
Explosive hazards, pollutants and property disputes are separate problems. A field can pass one check and fail another, so safe recovery requires a sequence of decisions rather than a single visual inspection.
Why a normal-looking field is not proof of safety
Landmines, unexploded ordnance and other explosive remnants of war can remain hidden under soil, vegetation, rubble or standing crops. Their presence is not reliably indicated by a crater, sign or damaged building. A ceasefire, official return announcement, local custom or a neighbour’s recent use does not certify a particular parcel.
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Explosive-hazard clearance is a formal process involving survey, marking, removal and destruction by trained personnel. Land is released only when reliable information and completed work support that decision. Ask about the exact cadastral parcel or field, not simply whether the village or district has been “cleared.”
Checks to complete before you leave home
1. Contact the responsible local service
Use the current channel designated for your area: a national mine-action authority, civil-protection office, municipal authority or established humanitarian mine-action organization. Because procedures and hotlines differ by country, obtain the number and reporting method locally rather than relying on an old contact saved on a phone.
Explain the location precisely. Give the village, plot or cadastral number, access road, irrigation route, wells, storage buildings and any machinery left behind. Ask what areas are currently restricted and whether movement is allowed on the proposed date.
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2. Verify the status of every part of the trip
Request confirmation for the field itself and for the places you must reach to farm it. A released field does not make an uncleared track, bridge, pump station, barn, fence line or water point safe. If the authority cannot confirm a component of the route, treat it as unverified and do not enter.
3. Respect all markings and warnings
Barriers, signs, taped areas, local warnings and instructions from clearance teams take precedence over convenience. Do not cross a marked boundary to recover a tractor, animal, tool or crop. Report the loss to the authority and ask what recovery procedure is available.
4. Prepare information without conducting your own search
Take copies or photographs of land documents, previous maps and official notices if authorities request them. Do not walk grid lines, probe soil, dig, use a metal detector or move vegetation to “check” a suspected area. Such actions can disturb a device and can also destroy evidence useful to clearance teams.
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What to do when you see a suspicious object
- Stop immediately. Do not touch, kick, open, lift or throw anything. Do not approach to take a closer photograph.
- Warn people from a safe position. Tell companions to stop and keep others, children and animals away. Do not create a crowd around the object.
- Leave by the route you already used, if you can do so without stepping into new ground. Avoid making sudden movements or crossing vegetation, ditches or debris to find a shorter way.
- Report the location through the locally designated channel. Give landmarks, coordinates only if they can be provided without returning toward the object, and explain whether anyone is injured or trapped.
- Wait for trained responders. Do not return to mark the object yourself unless authorities specifically instruct you and provide a safe method.
If an accident has occurred, follow local emergency instructions and avoid rushing into the area to help; additional devices may be present. The people who respond should be trained and equipped for explosive ordnance.
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| Status or statement | What it establishes | What you should do |
|---|---|---|
| “No reports in the area” | Only that no report is known; it is not a safety assessment. | Ask the mine-action authority for a plot-specific status. |
| Community members have entered | Other people’s experience does not reveal hidden devices or make your route safe. | Do not treat local use as clearance. |
| Survey completed | Personnel have assessed the area under the applicable survey method; the result may still require clearance. | Ask whether hazards were found and whether the plot was formally released. |
| Marked hazardous area | A warning that entry is restricted or dangerous. | Stay out and report any new information. |
| Cleared and officially released | The competent process has removed or addressed identified hazards and released the land under local rules. | Obtain the release confirmation and ask about any continuing restrictions or adjacent hazards. |
Keep the written or recorded confirmation and note its date, parcel reference and issuing authority. If boundaries, land use or access routes change, ask whether the release still applies to the area you intend to use.
Explosive hazards and soil contamination are different checks
Clearance of mines and unexploded ordnance does not prove that soil is suitable for crops. Explosions, damaged industrial or fuel facilities, burning, spills and military debris can leave pollutants. Conversely, a soil test cannot certify that buried explosives are absent.
When to request a soil assessment
Ask an agricultural extension service, environmental authority or qualified laboratory whether testing is recommended when weapons exploded on or near the plot, storage or industrial sites were damaged, visible burning or spills occurred, or authorities have identified a contamination concern. Describe the field’s history and avoid collecting samples yourself if doing so would require entering an uncleared area.
Use a professional sequence
A Ukraine programme run by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Food Programme (WFP) treated soil testing for pollutants left by exploded weapons as a step after mine-action survey and clearance. That sequence is a useful model: establish safe access first, then obtain a sampling plan and interpretation from competent agricultural or environmental services.
A consumer soil-test kit may indicate a limited set of nutrients, but it cannot certify land as free of explosive hazards or comprehensively identify conflict-related pollutants. Follow the laboratory’s instructions for sampling depth, locations, containers and crop restrictions, and keep the results with the plot records.
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Confirm land-use rights before investing in the field
Returning to a place does not automatically settle ownership, restitution, tenancy or permission to cultivate. Conflict can damage land records, interrupt public administration and leave property occupied or claimed by more than one household.
Gather the documents that still exist
- Titles, leases, inheritance papers, tax or cadastral records and previous maps.
- Displacement, return or allocation documents issued by competent authorities.
- Written agreements with owners, tenants, cooperatives or customary authorities.
- Photographs and dated records showing the condition of boundaries, buildings and equipment.
Use a local dispute-resolution route
Ask the land-administration office, municipal authority, agricultural service, legal-aid provider or other locally competent body which procedure applies. Do not rely on a verbal promise if another person is occupying or claiming the parcel. Seek advice before clearing, fencing, planting permanent crops or rebuilding structures, since those actions can complicate a later restitution or tenancy decision.
FAO’s technical guidance on post-conflict land administration emphasizes that damaged records and disrupted institutions require structured, locally appropriate processes. The exact law and responsible office depend on the country.
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Safe land is only one part of a workable farm. Walk or drive only on routes cleared and approved by the competent authority, and inspect assets without entering structures that are unstable or restricted.
Physical checks
- Roads and bridges: look for washouts, collapsed spans, blocked culverts and weight limits.
- Water: verify wells, canals, pumps and storage tanks; ask whether water quality testing is required.
- Buildings: have damaged barns, silos and houses assessed for structural stability, fire damage and debris.
- Fences and boundaries: do not cross damaged or unfamiliar lines to retrieve equipment.
- Machinery and storage: check for fuel leaks, damaged electrical systems, unstable loads and items left in restricted areas.
FAO recovery work in Ukraine links safe land access with soil rehabilitation, agricultural inputs, equipment and infrastructure restoration. The same principle applies elsewhere: a clearance decision does not repair a bridge, restore power or make a contaminated well potable.
Build a restart plan around actual resources
Before planting, list the labor, water, seed, fertilizer, fuel, machinery, transport, storage and market access available to the household. Then identify which gaps can be solved locally and which require public, humanitarian or livelihood support.
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Compare fields or recovery options using separate tests
| Decision factor | Questions to answer |
|---|---|
| Explosive-hazard status | Has the exact plot and every required route been surveyed and officially released by a competent authority? |
| Soil condition | Has a qualified service assessed suspected pollutants, and are crop or sampling restrictions documented? |
| Land rights | Can the household document ownership, tenancy or permission to use the parcel, and are competing claims resolved or formally managed? |
| Infrastructure | Are roads, irrigation, wells, buildings, fencing, machinery and storage usable and permitted? |
| Livelihood capacity | Are labor, seed, other inputs, equipment, transport, finance and a buyer or market available? |
Do not average these factors into a single score. A field with good soil but no legal access is not available for planting; a released field without water or transport may not support a viable crop.
What Ukraine’s recent programmes show—and what they do not prove
Ukraine-specific figures illustrate the scale of disruption but cannot be generalized to every post-conflict country. In a 9 December 2025 announcement, FAO estimated that up to 138,500 km² in Ukraine was affected by landmines and explosive remnants of war. That is an estimate for Ukraine’s affected area, not a measure of farmland worldwide.
An FAO-WFP announcement in 2023, citing the February 2023 Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment, reported that Ukraine’s grain and oilseed production decreased by 37 percent in 2022. The same announcement said almost 90 percent of surveyed small-scale crop producers reported lower revenue because of the war, while one in four reported stopping or significantly reducing agricultural activity. These are survey and country figures, not expected outcomes for every returning farmer.
The 2023 programme described a sequence of mapping, survey and clearance, soil testing and livelihood support. FAO’s 2025 announcement described a newer programme using geospatial prioritization, soil assessment, land rehabilitation and household assistance, targeting more than 3,500 rural families and 100 small-scale farmers. Programme reach is not a count of all affected farmers.
“Making the land safe and free of explosive remnants of the war is the first step to rebuilding resilient and prosperous rural communities in Ukraine, who have been on the frontlines of this war, and preventing their long-term dependence on humanitarian assistance.”
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“Many families and small-scale farmers in front-line regions are not planting this season because they know their fields are dangerous or they are risking their lives to plant on mined lands or contaminated soils.”
Pierre Vauthier, Head of FAO Ukraine Country Office, quoted by FAO/WFP
“For many rural families in Ukraine, the ability to safely return to their land is the first step toward rebuilding their livelihoods.”
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A practical return-day checklist
- Plot-specific survey and official release confirmed, with date and issuing authority recorded.
- Access road, bridges, irrigation route, wells, buildings and storage checked through the same authority or relevant service.
- Warnings and boundaries understood by every person who will enter.
- Reporting contact available without entering a suspected area.
- Soil or water testing arranged where conflict damage creates a contamination concern.
- Ownership, tenancy or cultivation permission documented and disputes referred to a competent office.
- Machinery, fuel, electrical systems and structures assessed for non-explosive hazards.
- Labor, seed, inputs, water, equipment, transport, storage and market plans confirmed.
When not to proceed
Postpone the return if the authority cannot verify the exact plot, if any part of the route remains suspected or marked, if a warning is disputed, if land rights are contested without a recognized process, or if damaged infrastructure creates an immediate risk. Ask what specific condition must change and which office can confirm it. A delayed planting decision is safer than converting an unverified field into an emergency.
No global count of farmers exposed to explosive hazards or universal percentage of contaminated farmland has been established in the cited material. Conditions, legal systems and reporting channels are local, so current instructions from the responsible authorities must govern every plot-specific decision.
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