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What data should you share with a threat intelligence platform? Share threat indicators, relevant attacker behavior, defensive actions, and concise incident-analysis findings that help recipients identify, assess, monitor, contain, or prevent attacks. Include enough context to make each item useful, but remove personal and unrelated sensitive information before upload.
Before disclosure, decide who may receive the information, whether it may be redistributed, which handling marking applies, and what your contracts, policies, sector rules, community requirements, and jurisdiction permit. Platform defaults differ, so verify identity, privacy, retention, access, and redistribution settings rather than assuming another service works like CISA’s Automated Indicator Sharing (AIS).
What belongs in a useful submission
NIST’s definition of cyber threat information is a practical boundary: an item belongs when it helps another party take a defensive action. A useful submission is not necessarily a complete incident file. It is a focused package of observations, analysis, and recommended action that recipients can interpret and use.
| Information category | What to include | Why recipients need it |
|---|---|---|
| Indicators of compromise | Observable artifacts such as malicious addresses, domains, file identifiers, or other indicators discovered during the investigation, together with when and how they were observed. | Recipients can search systems, block activity, and compare the indicator with their own telemetry. |
| Attacker behavior | Tactics, techniques, and procedures used by the threat actor, including the relevant sequence or conditions observed. | Behavioral context helps defenders detect activity even when an individual indicator changes. |
| Defensive measures | Suggested actions to detect, contain, prevent, or otherwise reduce the threat. | Recipients can turn the report into controls, detections, or response tasks. |
| Incident-analysis findings | Concise conclusions from the investigation, including what was confirmed, what remains uncertain, and any limitations that affect interpretation. | Recipients can assess confidence and avoid treating an unverified hypothesis as fact. |
Give every indicator enough context
An isolated value is often difficult to act on. State when it was seen, how it was collected, what activity surrounded it, and the confidence or limitations that apply. Follow the receiving community’s schema and handling rules; do not add fields that expose unnecessary people or customers merely to make a report look complete.
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Separate observation from assessment
Make clear which statements are direct observations and which are analytical judgments. For example, identify an address observed in a connection log separately from the conclusion that it was command-and-control infrastructure. This distinction lets recipients weigh the evidence and update their own assessment.
Apply privacy and data minimization before upload
Review the payload as if it could be copied, retained, or viewed by every authorized recipient. Keep data that serves a defined defensive purpose and remove unrelated personal, customer, employee, and third-party information. A platform’s schema or privacy review does not replace the sender’s inspection of the actual payload.
What CISA AIS says about personal information
CISA’s AIS 2.0 submission guidance says personal information should not be submitted unless it is directly related to a cybersecurity threat. It instructs participants to remove unrelated personally identifiable information before submitting a cyber threat indicator or defensive measure. Examples that should not typically appear include names, email addresses, Social Security numbers, credit-card numbers, phone numbers, and precise location coordinates.
That is AIS-specific guidance, not a universal legal rule for every platform or jurisdiction. Your organization still has to apply its own privacy, employment, customer, contractual, sector, and legal requirements. If a person’s identity is genuinely necessary to understand or respond to the threat, document that reason and disclose only the minimum relevant detail.
Use organizational identity when individual identity is unnecessary
When attribution to a person is not operationally required, use an organizational identity or the anonymization and attribution controls supported by the platform. CISA states that AIS anonymizes submissions by default during transmission and does not reveal the submitter’s identity without the submitter’s prior express consent. That statement applies to AIS; do not generalize it to another provider without checking that provider’s current terms and configuration.
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Payload review checklist
- Remove names, direct contact details, account identifiers, and precise locations that do not help explain the threat.
- Check attachments, screenshots, log exports, filenames, comments, and embedded metadata for the same information.
- Replace unnecessary individual identifiers with an organizational or case reference that your team can map internally.
- Keep the time, source type, and technical context needed to interpret an indicator.
- Record what was removed and why, so a later reviewer understands the limits of the shared analysis.
Set recipients, redistribution, and handling rules first
Define the sharing goal and participation scope before sending anything. NIST recommends rules that control publication and distribution and encourages engagement with established sharing communities. Ask who can access the submission, whether recipients may pass it to other organizations, whether the source identity travels with it, and whether a restriction is technically enforced or merely stated in policy.
Choose the audience deliberately
A report intended for a closed sector group may contain different context from one intended for broad public distribution. Confirm membership eligibility, administrator access, downstream recipients, and whether contractors or service providers are included. If the platform cannot express the audience you need, reduce the detail, use a different channel, or do not share the item.
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Apply the community’s current handling marking
Use the marking system recognized by the actual receiving community and make sure recipients can follow it. CISA’s 2022 notice described TLP 2.0 changes: TLP:CLEAR replaced TLP:WHITE for information that may be shared publicly, and TLP:AMBER+STRICT clarified that information is for the recipient’s organization only. The notice also described a delayed AIS transition at that time, so it is historical context rather than proof of AIS’s present configuration. Check current FIRST guidance and the community’s own rules before selecting a label.
A handling marking is an information-sharing control, not a substitute for a legal confidentiality obligation, a contract, or a data-protection assessment. If those requirements conflict, follow the stricter applicable rule and obtain internal approval.
Use STIX and TAXII when both ends support them
For structured exchange, STIX provides the information representation and TAXII provides machine-to-machine communication. CISA’s AIS is an example of this model. UK government guidance updated 29 January 2026 likewise recommends STIX 2 and TAXII 2 for machine-readable intelligence exchange among government departments, industry, and international partners.
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Interoperability is useful only when the platform and the intended partners support the same versions, fields, transport, and handling expectations. Confirm that a receiving system can ingest the objects you intend to send and preserve the context, confidence, attribution, and marking you assigned. If it cannot, use its documented native schema and apply the same privacy and recipient checks.
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Platform and community due diligence
Compare a platform or sharing community on the controls that affect both usefulness and exposure. Ask for written answers and retain the version or date of the applicable terms.
| Evaluation area | Questions to ask before sharing |
|---|---|
| Data types and interoperability | Which indicators, behavior descriptions, defensive measures, and incident findings are accepted? Are STIX 2 and TAXII 2 supported end to end, or only partially? |
| Identity and attribution | Is the submitter named, pseudonymous, or anonymized? Is anonymization the default? Can identity be disclosed later, and what consent is required? |
| Access control | Who may view the data, how is membership verified, and can access be limited by organization, role, sector, or handling marking? |
| Redistribution and handling | May recipients forward, publish, or combine the data? How are TLP markings carried through exports, APIs, and downstream feeds? |
| Retention and deletion | How long are submissions retained, what backups exist, can you request deletion, and what happens when an account or community membership ends? |
| Privacy and compliance review | What privacy impact, civil-liberties, security, and compliance reviews cover the service, and what responsibility remains with the sender? |
| Operational usefulness | Do recipients provide timely context, validation, or defensive measures, and can your team retrieve and act on the information in its workflow? |
A disciplined sharing workflow
- Define the defensive objective. Write down what you want recipients to do: detect a campaign, block an artifact, compare observations, coordinate containment, or improve prevention. If no concrete action exists, do not upload the data yet.
- Select the minimum useful dataset. Extract indicators, relevant behavior, defensive actions, and concise findings. Leave out unrelated narrative, raw archives, and personal information.
- Validate the evidence. Record observation time, collection method, confidence, uncertainty, and any conditions under which the indicator may be misleading.
- Inspect the complete payload. Review structured fields, free-text comments, attachments, screenshots, logs, filenames, and metadata. Remove or generalize information that is not directly related to the threat.
- Confirm the audience and terms. Check recipient membership, redistribution rights, retention, deletion, identity handling, and the platform’s current privacy and security settings.
- Choose the handling marking. Apply the label recognized by that community, verify that it will persist through the platform’s interface or API, and document any internal approval.
- Use the supported format. Send STIX through TAXII when both parties support the required versions and objects. Otherwise use the platform’s documented schema without discarding essential context.
- Record what you disclosed. Keep an internal copy of the submitted version, its date, recipient scope, marking, approval, and any fields intentionally removed. This makes later correction or withdrawal requests possible.
- Monitor and correct. Watch for recipient feedback, newly discovered errors, or a change in the threat. If an indicator is withdrawn or reclassified, send a correction through the same controlled channel.
Illustrative sharing decisions
Usually appropriate
A report can include a malicious domain observed in a confirmed phishing campaign, the observation window, the collection source, a confidence assessment, related attacker behavior, and a recommendation to monitor or block the domain. It can also include a concise finding that the domain was associated with credential theft, provided that conclusion is supported by the investigation.
Usually inappropriate without a specific justification
A raw mailbox export containing every employee address, a screenshot that exposes a customer’s name and phone number, or precise location data copied from an unrelated device record adds personal exposure without improving recipients’ ability to defend against the threat. Remove those elements or replace them with technical context that preserves the defensive value.
Requires a documented reason
An individual’s identity, a customer identifier, or a detailed internal network description may be relevant in a narrowly defined investigation. Share it only when recipients need that detail to take a defensive action, and confirm that the platform’s audience and handling rules support the disclosure.
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Common failure modes and fixes
Uploading the whole incident file
Problem: Raw case files often contain unrelated personal data, privileged material, or internal details that recipients cannot use. Fix: Create a threat-intelligence extract with indicators, behavior, findings, confidence, and recommended action.
Sending an indicator without context
Problem: Recipients cannot tell whether a value is current, benign in some environments, or weakly supported. Fix: Add observation timing, source and method, surrounding behavior, confidence, and limitations.
Assuming anonymization is universal
Problem: A sender may reveal identity or permit re-identification because another service’s defaults were assumed. Fix: Verify the actual platform’s attribution, consent, access, and export behavior.
Using a label the community does not recognize
Problem: Recipients may misinterpret the restriction or ignore it in downstream systems. Fix: Check current community rules and FIRST guidance, then verify how the platform carries the marking.
Treating a schema review as a privacy approval
Problem: A permitted field can still contain unnecessary personal or confidential content. Fix: Inspect each value and attachment before submission and obtain the approvals required by your organization.
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Privacy and security FAQs
Can personal information ever be shared?
Possibly, when it is directly related to the cybersecurity threat and recipients need it for a defensive action. AIS expressly frames its guidance this way, but the decision still depends on your organization, jurisdiction, contracts, and the receiving community. Do not treat threat relevance as automatic permission.
Should I include the name of the person who reported the incident?
Usually not if the identity does not change the defensive response. Use an organizational identity or a supported anonymization control, and disclose an individual’s identity only when the operational need and the platform’s rules justify it.
Is a TLP label legally binding?
A TLP label communicates the community’s handling expectation. It does not by itself resolve statutory duties, contractual restrictions, privilege, or data-protection obligations. Apply the label and separately confirm the legal and organizational basis for the disclosure.
What if my platform does not support STIX or TAXII?
Use the platform’s documented native format only after confirming its access, redistribution, retention, and privacy controls. Preserve the same indicator context, confidence, limitations, and handling decision you would include in a structured exchange.
Who is responsible for checking the final payload?
The sender remains responsible for inspecting the information being disclosed. A platform’s privacy-impact assessment, schema validation, or anonymization feature does not remove that responsibility.
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